Consumer Law And Deceptive Marketing Guidelines Case Study

Consumer Law And Deceptive Marketing Guidelines - Case Study Example Most good companies would avoid such a situation and try to provide a product as per the specifications. Thus it would be wise to study both sides of the aspect and neutrally evaluate the outcome in best interests of society and individuals as well as reasons for companies providing a service or a product, albeit with a rider that profitability than service is their prime concern. The history of consumer protection is not as old as that of the consumers. In 1962, President John F Kennedy introduced 'The Consumer Bill of Rights.' However, before 1965, there was no effective legal protection available for consumers across the world. The idea was first conceived by Garland Dempsey. In December 1965, probably the first refund of $ 787 was provided by a finance company to Mr. and Mrs. Henry Outlaw, the lucky neighbors of Garland Dempsey in North Philadelphia. Mr. Dempsey filed the complaint on their behalf in regard to a swindle of the refinancing of a loan. Another such case, the Gallman case got nationwide approval and led to passage of Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 by the Congress. This act was later aptly called "The Truth in Lending Act", the first in the series of consumer protection legislation. Today, across the world, consumer protection laws have evolved protecting consumers from all kinds of manufacturing and retailing defects, protection from fraudulent advertisements, invasion of privacy, deceptive marketing techniques and many such issues. Sections of population defend both sides of the arguments which lead to millions of litigations across the world with sometimes heavy penalties for defaulting companies in the event of intentional deception or even unintentional action leading to loss or damage to a consumer in a financial/personal manner. With the passage of time, certain conventions have emerged for the corporate sector to strictly adhere to, failing which they can be held guilty of consumer rights violation.

Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Cancer - Essay Example helping a patient understand the diagnosis, treatment, and its side-effects are also very useful because they help a patient in reaching a better decision. According to statistics published by the ACS, there will be an estimated 1.5 million new cancer cases diagnosed each year over the next decade. What factors contribute to the yearly incidence and mortality rates of various cancers in Americans? What changes in policy and practice are most likely to affect these figures over time? One out of every 8 women is at risk of developing breast cancer in the US. There are many factors like age, genetic history, smoking, obesity, and alcohol use, which increase the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in American women. Yearly screening tests starting after age 40 should be made compulsory for every woman on a national level to affect the rising figures over time. Prostate cancer is a very common cancer found in American men. One out of every 6 men is at risk of this cancer. Like in case of breast cancer, PSA (Prostate specific antigen) screenings and DRE (Digital rectal exams) can help to detect cancer at a stage when it is most treatable. These tests should be made compulsory also. Prevention based on physical activity and tobacco control is an important area of research which is funded by the ACS. This can help in the prevention and treatment of cancer because research is focused on how tobacco control and good physical activity interfere with the incidence of cancer. Tobacco control research particularly emphasizes on analysing the economics of tobacco control in low and middle income communities. The results then serve to introduce important policy

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Essay Example Namely, this new society isn’t simply one of females, but also has fundamentally changed the structure of culture and interaction (Pringle). This essay specifically analyzes the way that Gilman indicates gender identity is socially constructed as a means of seeking to change late Victorian society, and considers the reasons that Gilman seeks this social change. While a great amount of the novel makes overt criticisms of late Victorian gender identities, some of the most potent such criticisms are established in terms of indirect commentary. After the men reach their destination and hide their biplane they go exploring the area. It is not long before the women capture them. In these early scenes one recognizes the blurring of distinctions behind Victorian gender physicality. The women are described as agile and full of strength and it is this strength that allows them to ultimately capture the men. In these regards, it seems that Gilman’s purpose of shifting the traditio nal male role of dominator to the female functions as a means of framing the novel in this overarching discourse. As the text further progresses and the men find themselves incarcerated, Gilman uses the situation as a means of further criticizing patriarchal society. The men, expecting traditional patriarchal treatment while incarcerated note that, "Of course we looked for punishment - a closer imprisonment, solitary confinement maybe - but nothing of the kind happened. They treated us as truants only, and as if they quite understood our truancy" (Gilman, p. 42). This statement is significant as it demonstrates that despite the recognition that the women have control, they do not seek to impose undue punishment on the men, but instead merely acculturate them to this newfound society. Indeed, theorists have argued that it operates as a microcosm of the broader critique of patriarchal society (Hoeller). Within the broader spectrum of the gender argument, it seems to indicate that desp ite claims to the contrary women are just, if not more competent than men, in handling issues related to power or incarceration. As the novel progresses Gilman further explores the areas where late Victorian society has established socially established gender identities. Upon being released from the prison after their captivity the men further explore Herland. Upon their exploration they come to recognize that many of the preconceived gender stereotypes they held, no longer hold. They note, "We had expected jealousy, and found a broad sisterly affection, a fair-minded intelligence, to which we could produce no parallel. We had expected hysteria, and found a standard of health and vigor, a calmness of temper, to which the habit of profanity, for instance, was impossible to explain - we tried it" (Gilman, p. 81). Similar to the discoveries the men established during their captivity, here they come to recognize that many of their preconceptions regarding the female gender no longer hol d in Herland. For instance, rather than finding jealousy they find a ‘sisterly affection’ and rather than hysteria they find health and vigor. In both instances the late Victorian gender stereotypes are proved erroneous, as women aren’t simply jealous hysterics. It seems Gilman’s motivations in these regards are multiple. On one level she has sought to simply demonstrate how an all female society could functionally operate. Still, on a more fundamental level she has sou

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 72

Reflection - Essay Example The mechanism of the cell cycle also provided an in-depth perspective on the occurrence of cancer (Morgan, 2007). Cancers of various body parts including the skin and breast are among the leading causes of death. This course has broadened my understanding of the disease and brought the realization that the introduction of certain changes to the genetic makeup of cells causes them to proliferate abnormally thereby leading to cancer. I have also understood that cancer seems to progress faster because cancerous cells divide faster than normal cells. Additionally, approximately 90% of cancerous cells are preparing for division at any given time. While researching topics related to cancer, I learned that environmental and genetic factors predisposed individuals to cancers. The environmental aspect included exposure to carcinogenic substances, which interfered with the genetic makeup of cells and led to the formation of abnormal cancerous cells. On the other hand, the genetic aspect meant that certain individuals possessed certain inherent genetic traits that increased their susceptibility to cancer. We cannot control our inherent genetic makeup, but we can limit exposure to carcinogenic substances.The course has taught me to protect myself from cancer by avoiding substances such as skin lightening products, unnecessary exposure to ultra violet rays, among many other substances. Various oncology societies advocate for early treatment of cancers, which can only be possible if the disease is detected early enough before it advances. As a result, individuals are required to have regular screening for various forms of cancers. For example, women of certain ages need to have annual breast cancer screening. I advocate for such practices because they improve the treatment of cancer. In addition, they prevent the metastasis of the cancerous cells into other parts of the body

Global Business and IMF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Business and IMF - Essay Example The Great Depression and the two World Wars gave a great setback to the greatest nations of the world. Shook by these disasters, delegates from 44 countries met in July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in U.S.A. and agreed on a framework for â€Å"economic cooperation party† (Clift, 2004). The IMF was conceived in that meeting, whose primary agenda was to avoid those inconsistent economic policies that led to the Great Depression of 1930s. It background was the pursuit of flawed economic policies, like increased restriction on imports and freedom to buy in other countries, dwindling gold and foreign exchange reserves and even devaluation of currencies, which together contributed to worsening the downward spiral in output, world trade and the overall employment rate. All these steps devastated the international economy, leading to a sharp decline in trade, world output, employment and living standards (Dicken, 1986). Hence in order to restore the international monetary relations, the IMF emerged after the constitution of a charter (Articles of Agreement) by the country representatives. Its purpose was the establishment of an international institution, which could overlook the international monetary system and guide the member countries to pursue appropriate economic policies. It officially came into existence in December 1945, when 29 countries signed the Articles of Agreement (IMF). Since then, IMF has strictly pursued its original purposes, which became more important with the expansion of more countries. Any country, regardless of being a member of UN or not, is eligible for membership of the IMF. The membership largely depends on the terms prescribed by the Board of Directors of IMF. However, a country has to agree to financial policies economic growth and reasonable price stability. Furthermore, the country has to provide the IMF with economic data, which it will regularly analyse. After reviewing and monitoring

If the expectations hypothesis of the yield curve holds, then the Essay

If the expectations hypothesis of the yield curve holds, then the government cannot - Essay Example In December, 2001 the yield on the Treasury notes which were issued for the period of ten years stood at 5.15 percent. The percentile was responsible for the negative change in the long term interest rates during certain periods, however the terrorist attacks conducted on 11th Sept, 2001 created a major impact on the interest rates, and reported a massive downfall in the long term interest rates, which had almost dissipated by the end of the year. The analysts have linked the fluctuating short term and long term interest rates with the reduction in the fund rate, 'by conventional wisdom, reducing the funds rate by the magnitude experienced last year should have had some impact on long term interest rates' (David, 2002). It is incorrect to associate such a pattern with the ineffectiveness of the monetary policies; rather it is the influence and effectiveness of the monetary policies because of which 'the long rates have failed to budge as short rates have plunged' (David, 2002). The ability and authority of the Central Bank towards providing liquidity, without creating any major impact on the inflation in terms of rise, is the parameter for evaluating the effectiveness of the monetary policy. ... In some of the related cases, the coincident features of the economy, which are based on 'the reversals in the stock market, poor corporate earnings, rising unemployment, elevated perceptions of risk' (David, 2002), such situations and conditions are expected to encourage the savers and lenders to move towards such assets which have greater concentration of liquidity, and are based on shorter duration for maturity. Such situations are expected to 'inevitably drove down short term security yields relative to those on longer term assets' (David, 2002), due to the reason that expectations with reference to the stability of the inflation figures are prominent. These forces are responsible for the generation of an environment in which short rates, including the federal funds rate, decline at massive scale, and have 'relatively little effect on rates at the longer end of the maturity spectrum' (David, 2002). It has been argued that the stability of the inflation figures was based on the lo wer funds rate. It is therefore commonly believed that, 'if recession and wobbly confidence have driven interest rates down especially short term rates, recovery and restored confidence will, sooner or later, drive them up' (David, 2002). Yield curve is a basic theory which correlates and interprets the interest rate developments over the past year and what it might offer in the future. The yield curve explains the relation and behavior of the 'returns to securities that differ in terms of the number of months or years in the future that the assets mature, or pay off' (David, 2002). The curve explains the relation between effects of maturity on interest rates. The Treasury securities operate at default risk, and are

Understanding Whiteness or white identity Annotated Bibliography

Understanding Whiteness or white identity - Annotated Bibliography Example Banks explains that in order to define whiteness, African Americans were necessary. This is because constructing other racial categories helped as a source of identification for powerful main groups like whites (p.22). In this article, bank has discussed racial theories developed by intellectual leaders and also explains how Franz Boas, Robert E Park and African American scholars and social scientist strived for racial reconstruction. Banks’ article helps student to realize how racial knowledge is constructed and how it is evolved over time. Banks also emphasises the importance of having transformative teaching and learning. Ralph Linton’s article â€Å"The one hundred percent American† humorously describes that most of the things an American use in everyday life are originated from other countries. Linton brilliantly analyses that majority of materials a typical American uses are un-American, and yet they consider themselves as â€Å"one hundred percent American†. Linton has explained almost every routine including activities like waking up, taking shower, having breakfast, going out in rain, catching train and reading paper, and finds out that American uses un-American materials for all these needs. This includes a pyjama he wears which is of East Indian origin or bed he sleeps which is from Persia or Asia Minor (p.1). Linton shows us that most of the American way of doing things exists because of the other countries which invented them. For students, this article is really informative and may help them understand the extent to which American culture is unique. The article â€Å"Do we need a common American identity?† discusses about the complex issues in American identity. The title question is supported by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr (1992) who asserts that multiculturalism is a threat for basic values of Americans. While Michael Walzer (1990) opposes the title question and suggests that multicultural identity cannot be avoided in America. According to