Implement Person Centred Approaches In Health And Social Care Essay

1.1 Define Person – centred values? Person centred values means the people whom we support are able to be involved and included in every aspect of their care and support. For example: * Their needs, Assessments, Care delivery, and Support planning. So basically person centred approaches, policies and procedures and care practices should put the residents at the centre of the day-to-day activities. It should also include the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values? It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. see more:explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values All person centred approaches for every person we support as care professionals, should have eight values, and these are: 1. INDIVIDUALITY – realising and understanding the uniqueness of every person I support. 2. RIGHTS – always endeavouring to make sure all the rights of those I support are upheld e.g. Human Rights Act. 3. CHOICE – endeavouring to maintain the service user’s rights to choice. As well as maintaining their choices and making sure these choices are upheld in their care plans. 4. PRIVACY – maintaining the service user’s rights to privacy. I would do this by making sure they are not intruded upon by other service users, staff, relatives and friends. 5. INDEPENDENCE – always making sure that as a care professional I empower the service users to achieve their maximum. 1.3 Explain why risk – taking can be part of a person centred approach? Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do . You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they  thought would not be possible. 1.4 Explain how using an Individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way? Using an individual’s care plan will ensure that the person’s own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a ‘choice’ of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. Outcome 3 Be able to work in a person – centred way? 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support? It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established? These steps should be taken by professionals as stated in five principles set on in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. A presumption of capacity The right for people to be supported to make their own decisions People must retain the right to make what might be seen as eccentric or unwise decisions Anything done on behalf of people who do not have capacity must be in their best interests Anything done for or on behalf of people without capacity should be the least restrictive of their basic rights and freedoms Outcome 4 Be able to encourage active participation? 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual’s? Active participation is an approach that enables individuals to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their life in ways that matter to them. The benefits of active participation can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. Primary benefits include: 1. Physical benefits including greater activity levels. 2. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. 3. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. 4. Increased opportunities for social contact and interpersonal relationships. 5. Encouraging involvement and self-awareness. Individuals become more involved in the community and more aware of opportunities and what they can hope for themselves. 6. Increased opportunities for learning and development of important skills, knowledge, education and employment. 7. Enhanced well-being, with increases in self-confidence, self-esteem and self-belief. The benefits of active participation include the above primary benefits where the individual gains from its application in the real world of health and social care practice, but there are also some secondary benefits. The secondary benefits can be described as benefits that occur as a result of active participation, but are not a direct aim of active participation. These include: 1. Decreasing the likelihood of abuse. As the individual engages positively by actively participating is area of their life, such as in personal care, the scope for abuse by others is reduced. 2. Decreasing vulnerability. As individuals gain in their self-confidence and self-esteem they are less prone to exploitation and harm from others 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation? Factors including the following can cause barriers to active participation. Chronic pain, sadness, insecurity, depression, loss of hearing, poor eye sight, memory loss and immobility. Outcome 5 Be able to support the individual’s right to make choices? 5.3 Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices? If residents have the ability to make good choices, then they should be allowed to do so within reason. For example, if a service worker thinks a resident would be better off watching television with other residents, and they aren’t interested in the programming, that’s a choice they should be allowed to make. If a service worker thinks it would  be good for a resident to go outdoors to get some fresh air, and the resident doesn’t want to, then their choice should be respected. Not everyone likes to watch TV and spend time outdoors Making choices for most of us is part of our everyday life. It is a fundamental part of us being recognised and respected as an individual. Such choices contribute to us having control over our lives and individuals with learning disabilities also have the right to participate in decisions which affect their lives. Our practice should recognise the right of service users to make their own choices. Alongside this, services also need to provide capacity to give their users options. Choosing to ‘take it or leave it’ is not a real choice. Choice for users is now rightly promoted as a quality standard when care organisations advertise their services and forms part of how they are judged. The vast majority of decisions – and perhaps virtually all choices – can ultimately be tackled by most adults with a learning disability if right information and options are made accessible to them in terms they can understand. These efforts can involve advocates and other measures to safeguard the choice or decision making and may, for some parties, require considerable time and expertise in communication. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others? You need to make sure that they have all of the information, and understand it, in order to make an informal decision. They have the right to make their own choices and decisions under the human rights act, as long as the decisions they make do not put them at risk of harm or injury and they have the mental capacity to make them. you could support them to question or challenge by speaking on their behalf but you would need to know exactly what their wishes are. and record it for them to sign. Outcome 6 Be able to promote individuals well – being 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well – being? It’s been shown that thoughts effect a person’s physiology and immune system. A person with a low self-esteem would probably have more negative thoughts about themselves and also behave in a way that might cause others  to reinforce this low opinion of themselves which will increase those negative feelings. Identity-a person with a strong sense of self who knows who there are, are less likely to find themselves in situations that they don’t want to tolerate, when they feel these might have a negative effect on themselves. Having said I’ve seen lots of people that consider themselves to have low self-esteem but they appear very bubbly and happy. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well – being? Being caring – listen to what the individual has to say{feeling and choices, opinions ect} being understanding and supportive, – positive comments/feedback- Ask questions; get involved with what they have to say or what they are Ask questions; get involved with what they have to say or what they are interested in.- Calm approach, do not sound angry or negative, positive facial expressions- Ensuring the individual knows they have somebody they can trust- encouraging.

The Role Christianity Played Throughout the Light and Truth of Slavery: Aaron’s History

The Role Christianity Played Throughout The Light and Truth of Slavery: Aaron's History In 1845 Aaron is telling a story, a story of his life as a slave; which was documented through The Light and Truth of Slavery: Aaron's History. Aaron, a former slave, notes that he escaped from the South and became a â€Å"poor way-faring Bondman,† where he lectured in churches and public buildings throughout the North during the first half of the 19th century. Aaron advocates the political platform of the Liberty Party because of that party's attempt to pass legislation abolishing slavery as unconstitutional.He also suggests that abolishing slavery would not have the feared financial repercussions on the South but would, instead, financially benefit the South and the nation as a whole. In some ways religion meant nothing at all when it came to slaves and slave owners, but in another sense people took it very serious. Aaron starts his story by speaking about Mr. Harrison, William Henry Harr ison who was running for president at that time. Aaron speaks about how caucasian people spoke so highly of Harrison when in actuality he was doing nothing different than any other person.Harrison was still turning hungry kids away but as Aaron says â€Å"Now what more can you expect from a slaveholding man, for you can expect nothing more† (Aaron 3). Aarons view on slavery connected with religon and politics as well. At this time almost everyone’s religion was christianity, and according to the bible; Every is equal. Aaron could never understand how someone could claim to be a Christian, but promote un-christian like qualities to the world. Although slaves were enslaved, that did not keep them away from their religion. Enslaved men and women kept the rites, rituals, and cosmologies of Africa alive in America through stories, healing arts, song, and other forms of cultural expression, creating a spiritual space apart from the white European world. † (Sambol-Tosco 1). If a slave who was beaten, and treated as if they were not even close to human could stick to their religion and live by the words of the bible, how could a person who had no one holding them back do the same. Slave owners used Christianity as an excuse for how they treated slaves in the 19th century.Throughout the narrative, Aaron is on a journey to use his religion to get others on his side and to prove his point on what he thought religion was all about, but he is faced with people who want to help in along his journey, and also people who could care less about him or if he ate that day. While on his journey he traveled through towns such as Elizabethtown, Foxboro, Wrentham and many more. While on his journey through these many different towns, Aaron ran into many Northern abolitionists who Aaron called â€Å"wolves and sheep clothing† (Aaron 7).When he says this he means it as someone that looks harmless (like a sheep), but is actually not (like a wolf), but is just pretending or disguised. These people pretended to want to help him but then refused to help him in his time of need. While on his journey he also ran into other things that did not make him very happy. He blames southern ministers for hypocrisy, because while they were preaching holiness, they were taking advantage of female slaves. While in Elizabethtown he came into contact with a man that thought it was okay to say things like â€Å"he cut up with his female slaves, more than he did his own wife† (Aaron 3).These are all things that confused Aaron and made him want to continue his journey to promote Christianity, so that people could see it that way that he did. The Bible can be used to support particular viewpoints, and slavery is no exception. There are numerous references to slavery in the Bible which can be interpreted to condemn or either condone this practice (Reddie). Except for murder, slavery has to be one of the most immoral things a person can do. Yet slavery is talked about throughout the Bible in both the Old and New Testaments.The Bible clearly approves of slavery in many passages, and it goes so far as to tell how to obtain slaves, and how hard you can beat them. Many Christians will try to ignore the moral problems of slavery by saying that these slaves were actually servants or indentured servants, like the slave owners did. While many slaves may have worked as household servants, that doesn't mean that they were not slaves who were bought, sold, and treated worse than livestock.When people think about slavery, they think about how bad it is and how it has ruined people but what they do not think about is that once, it was just a way of live. â€Å"Historical records show that Islam and Christianity played an important role in enslavement in Africa† (Reddie). Ever since slaves were being captured from Africa, Christians have witnessed this act and have done nothing about it, so what would that change now that slavery has been going on for many years; and that is what Aaron was trying to prevent. While promoting his religion, that meant promotion freedom as well.Aaron was very big on slaves getting their freedom like he did. Throughout the narrative, Aaron told stories about the things brutality he had witnessed when it came to the slaves. As free people, people today do not think about how important freedom is because they have always been free, but they do not see that without freedom you are nothing. â€Å"A poor slave being on his deathbed, begged of his master to give him his liberty before he died, ‘I want to die free massa. ‘ His master replied, you are going to die soon, what good will your liberty do? ‘O master, I want to die free. He said to the slave, ‘you are free. ‘ ‘But do write it master, I want to see it on paper. ‘ At his earnest request he wrote that he was free, the slave took it in his trembling hand, looked at it with a smile and exclaimed, à ¢â‚¬ËœO how beautiful, O how beautiful,' and soon fell asleep in the arms of death† (Aaron 8). † It is amazing how a person could want freedom so bad, that they would even want their family members to say that they died a free man. Slave owners did not see it the same way, freedom was a privilege slave owners thought, not a right.Aaron wanted everyone to be free, because he was and by spreading his thoughts about religion he thought that would help. On his journey, Aaron ran into many abolitionists that he thought were trying to save the slaves. While some were using Christian scriptures to diffuse slavery, others were searching through the Bible to end it. Even even ran into Quakers, since their establishment in the mid 17th century, Quakers had faced persecution for their beliefs which stated that everyone was â€Å"equal in the sight of God† and capable of receiving the â€Å"light of God's spirit and wisdom†, including Africans.Several of their founders , including George Fox and Benjamin Lay, encouraged fellow congregants to stop owning slaves, and by 1696, Quakers in Pennsylvania officially declared their opposition to the importation of enslaved Africans into North America. Quakers in Philadelphia and London debated slavery at their yearly meetings in the 1750s, became required reading for abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic (Reddie). Aaron was eager to find out that there were other people willing to help him abolish slavery through religion and willing to do almost anything to get it done.

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements - Essay Example This essay reflects on the advertising strategies of these companies in terms of models and media employed, target audience, approaches to advertisements, consumers’ appeal, effectiveness of these strategies and congruent success in the market. The view of the essay is to employ a critical analysis approach in order to present a unique comparison and contrasting of the advertising approach of the two multinational companies. Additionally, the rhetorical presentation of the company’s products is analyzed within this paper in order to define the effectiveness of each of the company’s marketing communication images and messages. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola present their brands in a very convincing manner. This is regardless of numerous differences in approach which are used by these two companies. More notable though is the rivalry and wars which evidently exist between these companies in their marketing and promotion projects, campaigns and advertisements (Behrooz 10) . The influence that the two companies impact on the market is based on the fact that they have laid large budgets for advertising their products. As a result, Pepsi and Coke adverts are common place. They frequently appear on television commercials, radio, billboards and at promotional events and campaigns such as sports sponsorship (Odell 1). Because of the approach that the companies have employed, their popularity has grown significantly within various markets and segments. Popularity of a company leads to a conviction within a customer or potential consumer that the company is authentic and as a result its products are superior and are of a high quality. It is arguable that both of these companies have attained this though at different levels. The advertisements of Coke and Pepsi have achieved different levels of influence on their target market. For example, Pepsi is leading within the youth market segment because of the youthful language, style, culture and images which it pr esents within its commercials (PR Newswire 1). On the other hand, Coke has attained more success in the market because of its strategy of targeting a wider market (Behrooz 5). The rhetoric that is expressed within the company’s marketing strategy is demonstrated by the fact that the companies placed insiders of each other’s advertising units to provide intelligence information for marketing strategy (Behrooz 12). Even though this approach reflects the height of market rivalry, it is evident that regardless of notable differences in marketing strategy, the commercials of these companies have been planned, designed and planned based on insider information that they steal from each other. The feelings and emotions that the consumers attain from the advertising strategies of these companies are very paramount even though it is achieved through different approaches. For example Pepsi initially relied upon celebrities, such as pop and film starts or cricket players, in its c ommercials (Behrooz 14). This was aimed at arousing feelings and emotions within the consumers especially those who were affiliated with film, pop music and sports. As a result Pepsi was able to connect the feelings of the consumers for stars and sports to the love for the Pepsi brand. This strategy is attributed to the increased performance of the company within the market. Coke also employs strategies of arousing feelings within

Tragic Flaw in Sophocles' Oedipus the King Essay

Tragic Flaw in Sophocles' Oedipus the King - Essay Example That way the audience can experience a proper moral fear that badness always brings forth bad result. In the case of Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King†, the character that passes out as â€Å"tragic flaw† in the Oedipus is no doubt his pride and arrogance. In this paper we will be looking at the principle of â€Å"tragic flaw† as postulated by Aristotle in the context of Sophocles’ play â€Å"Oedipus the King†. The idea of tragic flaw that became synonymous to Greek tragedy was postulated by Aristotle, which might explain why this principle featured prominently in almost all his poetics. Tragic flaw basically describes a hero in a story making some fundamental mistakes that are mostly triggered by pride or hubris, which forms his main flaw in an otherwise perfect character, thereby marking his downfall. There is strong evidence to suggest that the development of the principle of tragic flaw was informed by the need to respond to the principle of tragedy which despite dominating Greek plays for so long was being challenged by the likes of Plato on moral grounds. In this regard, the principle of tragedy was attacked ostensibly for corrupting the audience by alluding to the futility of being virtuous. According to Plato, tragedy corrupts the audience by showing good and virtuous people perishing instead of emerging triumphant. It is, therefore, extremely disheartening to see them falling by the wayside primarily because of their virtues and goodness. It was in response to this challenge that Aristotle decided to add some flaw to an otherwise heroic character so as to explain his downfall on moral ground. By so doing Aristotle had offered a solution to the principle of tragedy as presented by Plato and other Greek writers and playwrights. In the play the Oedipus the King Oedipus commits a number of mistakes that can be blamed on his pride, which forms the tragic flaw in his character. One of such mistakes is his impatience with Creon after embarking in a journey to Apollo’s temple to plead with him to save the city of Thebes from the plague that has destroyed crops and livestock while rendering women sterile. After the arrival of Creon from Apollo’s temple we see Oedipus commanding Creon to tell him what Apollo has to say concerning the plague despite Creon’s protestation on spilling the information in front of his subjects. This offer from Creon to do it in private should have awaken Oedipus to the reality that whatever he was about to hear was not good to be spilt in the midst of his subjects. However, in total disregard of Creon’s advice he stood his ground and received the information in the presence of his subject, something that smirk of extreme pride. A careful analysis of the play will show a keen reader that this is a dangerous mistake that Oedipus has made because the answer that comes from Creon set the stage for his downfall. It is also important to note that ha d he agreed to receive the message from Apollo in private, things would not have gone out of hand as they eventually did. King Oedipus curiosity for truth is arguably the worst trait that contributes to his downfall in this play. If only he had decided to forget about where he came from and concentrated on resolving issues surrounding the plague, then

Managing Group and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Group and Teams - Essay Example Presently, organizations depend immensely on teamwork, hence the need for all employees to possess effective communication skills. Coevolutionary gaming is a scenario process developed by Jim Miskel and Jeff Cares in their article â€Å"Take Your Third Move First†. Coevolutionary gaming has revolutionized the way organizations consider aspects such as teamwork and decision making, both in issues that affect the organization internally and externally. This paper will examine coevolutionary gaming, discussing how the strategy enhances proper decision making, particularly within a group situation such as an organization or department in an organization. The paper will also describe the fundamental limitation of the coevolutionary gaming and the way through which this limitation can be resolved. Miskel and Cares’ article builds on the conception that planning, as well as resultant decision making should never be done within a vacuum. This means that it is not sufficient to just consider the present facts, as well as historical information and data in order to arrive at decisions or plans (Evans, 2012). The coevolutionary gaming also argues that it is unfeasible to presume that those who will be impacted by such planning or decision making, for instance, competitors will simply accept the decisions and not institute some form of counter action. Plans, as well as decisions, made within a vacuum process can be characterized as shortsighted at best. This is primarily because these decisions and plans typically do not take into consideration other factors such as the implications of counter plans and actions, which could be instituted by parties affected by the decision or plan. A decision made on the basis of existing data could turn out to be worse than simply sustaining the status quo, particularly if reactionary actions are taken into consideration (Branke & Rosenbusch, 2008). For instance, the decision of a newcomer to a market to implement robust price reductions so as to capture massive market share can be considered as detrimental in a coevolutional milieu (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981). On the basis of existing data, this decision appears quite simplistic; however, the choice is erroneous since it wrongly presumes that the market leaders will do nothing in retaliation against the extremely low prices of the newcomer. What such existing data fails to show is that the market leaders are better equipped to retaliate in the event of a price war than the newcomer because of their robust, incumbent market volumes, which provide them the economies of scale needed to make long term decisions such as cutting prices (Ficici, 2004). Consequently, the market leaders can fight aggressively to the point where they bring their prices below the newcomer’ s point of breakeven, which is often higher, until the newcomer collapses since its sales will be incapable of supporting its overall operations (Thompson, 1994). Simply put, this means that if the decision made by the newcomer is not based on coevolutionary gaming, it could prove more fatal for the company than, for instance, identifying a geographic market niche where it can build its brand. Coevolutionary gaming is an essential tool in decision making, particularly within groups when the risk factors, as well as uncertainty levels are extremely high. This is the fundamental reason why Cares and Miskel poised that the process of coevolutionary gaming lends itself particularly well to all decision making endeavors, regardless of the business, from the Department of Defense to the

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career Personal Statement

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career - Personal Statement Example Career choice is one of the most important decisions in anyone's life, and yet countless young people enter careers that later prove to be wholly unsuitable. Even today most young people have no way to find out if a particular career would really suit them. Decisions that are central to future happiness and success are therefore very often being taken in the dark. Hence young people can take advice from older people in their family or can look at examples; that is people who have achieved success in their desired career. It also happens that halfway through their career people realize this was never meant for them. All this is part of life but there are also people who successfully achieve their target careers and are successful in them. Its necessary to adopt a career that u have an interest in. The reason being that a person who selects a career of his interest is more dedicated to his profession. One of the greatest misfortunes in life is to be superior at something you don't like. You may be skillful in mathematics, but you may hate it. You may be proficient public relations communicator, busy interacting with people every minute of the day but my love life of isolation and meditation. In order to be able to select the right career, one has to reflect, analyze, know one's inner self, and be able to clearly differentiate between what one is good at (proficiency, competence) and what you like and want to do in life (interests, principles). The first thing to do is to build up a concept of the person you would like to be. Let your personal sense of right and wrong be your guide and resist enticement and pressures from elders and peers. Choosing a job you like which is not in clash with your values and lets you apprehend your full individuality and creative potential will enable you to achieve a sense of completion. It is recommended to interact with career counselors and in par ticular near and dear ones such as parents and peers, and elders, and taking their suggestions. Read some good books on career guidance and take a few career tests. A person can either visit a career counselor or psychologist who will administer relevant tests to him/her. Or try online tests. The role of my father's firm is to manufacture and sell electric generators. In reference to the work, I can adopt two educational lines in the future that can help me become the head of the firm. The first one is of getting a degree in Electrical Engineering and the second option is doing a Masters in Business Administration. After studying both critically the first option is not as agreeable and suitable as the second one. The second option can give me a better all-round knowledge about how to run an organization, which things to check and how to manage the resources. The first option restricts me to the technicality of the job. Having talked about this I will come to my college and high school responsibilities. I will have an open choice until my high school in the matter of my professional career, but things will start to take a certain direction as I enter my college. From my college, my aim towards my professional goal would start to clear up and I will start to go in details o f managing a business.  

Should teens be allowed to drive at 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should teens be allowed to drive at 16 - Essay Example However, processing a drivers license is one of the biggest status symbols among the teenager particularly the high school students. Getting a drivers license is not only a social asset but it makes the teenager feel more independent than ever before. According to the American Automobile Association, teenage drivers account for only 7% of the driving population but are involved in 14% of fatal crashes. Traffic crashes are the number one cause of death and injury for the teenagers between the ages of 15-19 (AACAP, 2005). According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 and 20. These deaths account for one-third of all fatalities in this age group. The NHTSA says three factors work together to account for these statistics for teen drivers: inexperience, risk-taking behavior and immaturity and greater risk exposure. Young drivers start out with little knowledge or under standing of the complexities of driving a car. Peer pressure and adolescent impulsiveness can result in poor driving judgment and participation in high-risk behaviors such as speeding, inattention and not using a seatbelt. Teens often drive at night with other teens in the vehicle. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) says that 43 percent of teenage motor vehicle deaths occurred between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. In addition, two out of three teen passenger deaths occurred when the driver of the vehicle was also a teenager (Eldridge, 2005).

Behavioral theory development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behavioral theory development - Research Paper Example Unlike Erikson, Freud’s theories were based upon studies of neurotic patients; Erikson’s theories were based upon studies of normal childhood. Keoke and Porterfield (2001) explain the beginning of Erikson’s observation of normal childhood development as follows: in 1902, Erickson was born in Germany to a well-off family who immigrated to Germany from Denmark; at the age of 25 years, Erickson moved to Vienna, Austria where he established a school and was fortunate to become one of Sigmund Freud’s students and colleagues. During the Hitler reign of terror, Erikson migrated to the United States where he worked with prominent anthropologists and studied two American Indian tribes called the Sioux and Yukon. Erickson’s anthropology study turned into the first empirical study on normal childhood development. The focus of the study was the early childhood development of the Sioux and Yukon children in their home and school environment compared to White Ame rican children. After a longitudinal scientific investigation focused upon the childhood development of the Sioux, Yukon, and White American cultures, including the American Welfare system, Erikson knew that it was time to establish his own theory of development which was in direct conflict to his teacher and colleague namely Freud (Keoke & Porterfield, 2001). Santrock (1997) describes Erikson’s famous eight developmental stages as follows: (a) Trust vs. Mistrust is focused upon the fetal years through the first year and ideally the child learns to get physical and emotional needs fulfilled of which must be achieved before the child will learn how to trust; (b) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt initiate around the second year of the child’s life in which independence and the assertion of the child’s will is observed through the behavior of doing things and exploring. Erikson observed that if

The Evil Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Evil Dead - Essay Example The film released in the year 1981, under the direction of Sam Raimi, who created this masterpiece on a very low-budget; which becomes quite obvious with the screenplay and special effects. However, the plotline was quite novel, which caused the original release to quickly rise to fame and it was also dubbed as one of the ‘best cult movie’. Besides the plotline and the eerie scenario that the film was shot, other reasons for its success included outstanding monster design and its subtle and witty sense of humor in the script. The Evil Dead was originally meant to have only two films, but with the ever-expanding fan base, the number of movie installments was increased as well. With the fan following increasing at such a rapid pace even in the face of contemporary horror movies, it was only a matter of time before a contemporary remake was on its way. The remake was not entirely based on the original series and considering the bigger budget, the special effects were far more superior to the previous one. The original release included scare tactics that turned out to be more comical in nature than scary for the contemporary audience, which can only be explained through the lack of funds for the first film. Even the plotline was slightly different, as in the original plot the group of friends head there for leisure activities during spring break, the remake includes a group of friends trying to help one of their friends recover from a drug addiction. There a number of factors that can be taken against this entire franchise; for instance, there is no consistency between of the remake with the original film, which can be quite boggling at times. The original has strict acting with the use of humor from time to time and the lack of sophisticated CGI effects can be attributed to obsolete technology and low budget. The remake follows the same storyline, except for the fact that the beginning involves a vague reference to the back-story of the demonic possession. Similar to the original, the movie has a number of twists and constantly shows the possessed characters going back and forth between their normal forms to their possessed form. However, the characters have more depth than the origina l release as the characters seem to have a valid reason for not believing Mia, which was quite obscure when Cheryl claimed that there was a supernatural presence in their midst. Besides the extremely eerie premise of the movie, there are plenty of parts in the movie that is quite terrifying, but sometimes the excessive use of blood makes one cringe in disgust rather than scream with fear. The displaying and exaggeration of wounds and cuts is an over-used scare tactic throughout the movie. For instance, when one of the characters licks a box cutter and cuts her tongue in half, and there is one another scene where the character’s eyes are stabbed with needles and limbs are detached with an electric carving knife (Evil Dead, 2012). On the more positive note the action choreography was outstanding. The effects seemed real and animate enough to be believable that gave the movie a much-needed advantage at the box-office. For once, the directors did not simply rely on the tried and tested techniques used by Hollywood, which involved frivolous college students, who find themselves trapped in a haunted cabin. The characters were all quite believable and their reactions were that of serious adults; which showed that the vacation was not simply a pretext for their sexual trysts, but they had gone to the cabin in order to help their friend, which enabled the audience to sympathize with them as well. The actors were able to

The purpose of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The purpose of life - Essay Example Everyone has a purpose, everything has a purpose, and every day has a purpose. I live in my realm and accomplish everything for the purpose of tasting more about the essence of this life. I am a type of want-to-do-something-for-this-life, so I always eager for grasping as much experience as I could to be full-fledged so as to contribute to the society. I hold the youth on my hand feeling like a millionaire who is moving up the ladder of fame. Rich, but solitary, trust no one, and expect for nothing, because anyone does not supply everything I want to buy. Maybe I am asking too much, but honestly, I just want people to know that I am living and not just existing. I am a lonely voice trying to fit in this chaotic world, like a thorn bird searching for a thorn tree to rise above its agony to out carol the lark and the nightingale. I often wonder why our age is said to be the generation that is quiet. I see people of orange-blue rainbow and polka dotted. Expressions of different trails traveled and stories of failure and triumph, so what is silent about us? Have we not kept our youthful curiosity and stumbled upon treasures undiscovered? And shouted from the mountain tops what we have found? Is it that we are silent or is it that someone is just not listening? If people could not understand and encourage, please do not discourage or leave anyone behind. We are the ones who will rule the world in the future. At this moment, we could not go back to be children anymore, yet we are not grown up enough to be adults. We are trying to burst the bubble, to come out of our shells, and to accomplish more than what people out there did a long time ago. But how can we reach such goals if the surrounding people always feel suspicious of our start? How can we climb to the peak of the mountain if parents always shout at us f rom the mountain bases? And what if the cure for cancer is in the brain of someone who is not encouraged to follow his/her dream? Give us a

How does Shakespeare present Ophelia Essay Example for Free

How does Shakespeare present Ophelia Essay In Hamlet Shakespeare presents Ophelia as a helpless girl, who is continually manipulated by the men around her for their own gain. In many of his other plays the women are presented as strong and admirable people who play major roles in the live of the protagonist, such as Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. In Hamlet, however, Ophelia becomes a very different role-she is conveyed as a lesser to the men around her. She is continually manipulated by her father, Polonius, her brother, Larertes and Hamlet, the supposed love of her life. Her sweet and innocent nature results in her becoming dependent on the man in her life to tell her how to behave. Hamlet shows a very different style in Shakespeare writing, no longer is the women controversially given respect by the male character, but is instead shown in a more traditional mere pawn for their fathers, brothers and lovers. Ophelias relationship with her father is less then the traditional intimate one expected. Instead it shows a controlling man, obsessed with what others think, and a daughter respectful of her fathers wises. Polonius becomes convinced that Ophelias relationship with Hamlet will result in the diminish of his families honour, and to him, the respect others have for his families reputation is very important. He thus begins to pressurise Ophelia into breaking off any understanding between herself and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses these characters and their interaction to present a more traditional view of how a woman should act toward the men in their lives during this time period. I personally do not see her as a week character, but instead see her as a women with no other choice than to respect and obey the man who has looked after her all her life. Their relationship is a cold one, with little compassion between the two, but apparent respect on Ophelias behalf. Her brother too becomes set against her love for Hamlet, believing that she will ruin herself for Hamlet, yet he will never actually marry her, due to her lower social standing. During the actual play, Larertes is the only man who conveys to her that he actually cares for her, but we can see clearly that he believes her continuous open regard for Hamlet will reduce their familys nobility. He too adds to the pressure put on her to distance herself from Hamlet. Hamlets strategic plans towards Ophelia are probably the most conniving and vicious. He not only manipulates her constant love for him, but also toys with her emotions throughout, making her play exactly how he wants. He uses the courts knowledge of his relationship with Ophelia to get deeper involved in his plot to avenge his father and kill the king. He evolves Polonius theory that Hamlet is mad with love for Ophelia. When she returns Hamlets love letters and other tokens of his affections in act III scene I, Hamlet seizes this moment to cement the beginning of her descend into madness in both Ophelias eyes and in Polonius and Claudius as Hamlet is aware they are watching this encounter between the two ex-lovers. He appears troubled and hysterical as he denies giving her anything and laments the dishonesty of beauty. Confusingly, he claims to both have loved, and never loved her. As he leaves she mourns the noble mind that has now lapsed into apparent madness. Hamlet believes that by hearing this fight between Ophelia and himself, Polonius and Claudius will think he is now crazy and thus not fear him, making Claudius more vulnerable. Hamlet, Polonius and Larertes all put pressure on her to do what they want, they all use her to gain themselves and they all have little regard for her genuine love for Hamlet. Her heart begins to dictate over her head and as a result of being caught in the crossfire of all the men in her life; Ophelia goes crazy, unable to cope with the stress and contradiction. Finally, she kills herself finding no place in the situation for her own feelings. Hamlet is the least idealistic of Shakespeares plays, with women being presented in a more realistic view, rather than an idealistic outlook on society where women have more control over their lives and arent controlled by the men around them. Ophelia is presented in a more traditional feminine way, relying on men around her. This fits into Hamlet, and makes the play appear more legitimate, due to the emotion involved in the twisted love story. Still, I do not believe she is weak, but instead love struck and susceptible to manipulation by the men closely involved in her life. Many critics have argued that she is a dismal character, which no one can admire, but I see her as instead, a woman who is young, weak and naive to the world around her.

Government Guidelines for Child Nutrition

Government Guidelines for Child Nutrition MAGDA ZIMON GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION The UK Department of Health guidelines (May 2003) recommend breast feeding exclusively for the first six months, as this should meet all baby’s nutritional needs. Most babies should not need solid food before the age of six months. Milk is still the major food, it is very important to remember, when baby starting solids, that milk is still the best and most natural food for growing babies. In the first few days of breastfeeding is a very important source of antibodies which help to build up a baby’s immune system. It is also medically proven that breastfed babies are less likely to develop certain disease in lester life. Good. Milk should contain all the nutrients our baby needs to grow. There are 65 calories in 120ml/4 fl oz milk, and formula milk is fortified with vitamins and iron. Cow’s milk is not such a good food for human babies so is best not started until baby is one year old. Between four and six months babies should have 600-800 ml/ 21-28 fl oz breast or infant formula each day. 600 ml/ 21fl oz is enough when solid are introduced. For most babies who eat fresh food in sufficient quantities and drink formula milk until the age one year, vitamin supplements are probably unnecessary . However in the UK the Department of Health recommends that if your baby is being breastfed(breast milk does not contain enough Vitamin D) or is drinking less 500 ml /18 fl oz of infant formula a day mother should give baby vitamin supplements. Vitamins are necessary for the correct development of the brain and nervous system. Vitamins are essential for all types of growth and development and they can be found in many forms. A healthy, balanced diet, coupled with daily physical exercise, is crucial to the development of children. It is not simply sufficient to serve healthy meals and snacks; it is vital that children understand the importance of eating a healthy balanced diet so that they themselves are more likely to choose healthy options when given a choice. Diet is all about educating the individual to understand the importance of eating sensibly while understanding that they can enjoy food. Food habits are developed during childhood which will affect us for all our lives and this is way it is important for children to develop healthy eating habits from the outset. Establishing healthy eating habits in the early years will encourage children to eat sensibly throughout their lives, promote normal growth and development and protect against disease in later life. RECOMMENDED FOOD AT AGE OF 6 MONTH TO ONE YEAR BABY’S AGE TYPE OF FOOD STARCHY FOOD VEGETABLES AND FRUIT MEAT AND MEAT ALTERNATIVES 6 monts starts with a fine semi-liquid puree mixed with milk, or cooled boiled water baby rice cereal pureed cooked carrots, parsnip, apple, pear, mashed banana small amount of pureed lean soft-cooked beef, lamb, pork, poultry, pureed lentils 7-9 months mashed or chopped, finger food try white or wholemeal bred, pasta, rice, noodles, couscous porridge cucumber, green beans, leek, peas mushroom, onion, sweetcorn, tomato, mango, melon, strawberries, grapes (seedless) introduce a little boneless white fish(cod or haddock) hard boiled egg yolk(no egg white until nine months) 9-12 months most foods should now be mashed or chopped, and some left whole for baby to chew on home-made pizza, chips, cakes, puddings and biscuits are healthier alternatives to shop-bought encourage baby to eat raw fruit and lightly cooked vegetables as snacks meat and meat alternatives:sliced ham, chicken or turkey, and small chopped sausages make good finger food;introduce boiled eggs or omelette. One year onwards child can now eat most family food;now can safely introduce honey offer one serving of potato, pasta, bread, rice or couscous at every meal;limit very starchy food such as crisps, pastries or other savoury snacks aim to serve four portions a day-offer as snacks or blend into a stew or soup. start to include oily fish such as salmon mackerel and pilchards;carefully remove small bones from fish SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTS Childminders should always discuss with the parents of the children in their care which meals they will be expected and what food should be given. It is absolutely paramount when preparing meals that childminder take into consideration factors such as culture and religion and ensure that the food they provide is in keeping with the parents wishes. It is important to recognise and cater for differing dietary needs and this should not only be the case if you are caring for a child from different culture from your own. All children should be introduced to variety of different food and you can do this by offering foods which are associated with certain religious festivals. For example, the Christian tradition of serving mice pies at Christmas and pancakes on Shrove Tuesday can be done alongside offering Chinese food to celebrate the start of the Chines New Year, or poori to celebrate Diwali. Diets vary immensely and can differ according to belief or preference. Vegetarianism for example, may be chosen for several reason including religious or cultural beliefs or simply concern for welfare of animals. A food allergy is an abnormal response of immune system to what is otherwise a harmless food. Ninety per cent of all food allergy reactions are caused by just eight foods. These food are: milk peanuts eggs tree nuts, including almonds, pecan and walnuts fish shellfish wheat soya Symptoms of an allergic reaction can be varied but will usually include: vomiting diarrhoea eczema wheezing cramps difficulty in breathing Childminder must always respect a child’s cultural background regardless of whether the culture is their own or not. They should use their knowledge and understanding to encourage children to learn about other cultures ia a positive way. A child’s culture can have a huge impact on their development. It is absolutely paramount that childcare practitioner work in partnership with the parents of the children placed in their care to ensure a good relationship which is beneficial to everyone concerned. Practitioner need to take time to talk to the child’s parents to ascertain a suitable strategy for caring for their child and to ensure continuity of care: dietary requirements food allergies dietary difference necessary medications emergency contact information Childminder and parents need to communicate regularly and effectively in order to establish a good rapport so that the parents can be confident that their chosen childcare practitioner is right for them and, more importantly, for their child. FOOD THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED BY YOUNG CHILDREN Food is one of life’s greatest pleasures and yet it is also a source of worry for most parents. Although baby is able to eat a lot more kinds of food, there are still some they should not eat: SALT-from seven months to a year old , 1 g of salt a day is the maximum amount for baby should have, which they will get from their breast or formula milk feeds. Do not add any salt to foods for young babies as their kidneys can not cope with it. Baby foods are not allowed to contain salt, but such ingredients as bacon and cheese will contain some. It is best not to encourage a liking for salt at any age. SUGAR-only add sugar to food or drinks you give your baby if it is necessary. Children does not need sugar. Sugar could encourage a sweet tooth and lead to tooth decay when the first teeth start to come through. HONEY-this is a sugar and can cause the same problems as sugar. Do not give honey until your child is one year old, even for easing coughs. Very occasionally it can contain a type of bacteria which can produce toxins in the baby’s intestines and can cause a very serious illness(infant botulism. After the age of one, the baby’s intestine matures and the bacteria are not able to grow. NUTS- these can be a choking hazards, especially whole nuts. Nuts and nut pastes should also be avoided if family has a history of allergies. Nuts products can induce a severe allergic reaction-anaphylactic shock-which can be life threatening, so it is best to be cautious. EGGS-can be given from six months but they must be throughly cooked until both the white and the yolk are solid. Allergic reaction to eggs can be quite common, particularly to the egg whites. Soft boiled eggs can be given after one year. FISH AND SHELLFISH-are highly allergic. The amount of mercury in these foods can affect a baby’s growing nervous system. CHILDHOOD CHRONIC DISEASES The list of health problems that can affect a child’s growth and development is huge and can range from simple colds and ear infections, which are short-lived, to much more serious problems such as cystic fibrosis, which can be life threatening. If you are caring for a child with a particular health problem it is absolutely vital that you work with the parents to provide the best care possible for the child. You will need to glean as much information as you can about the child’s condition in order to plan for their care and well-being. Parents will be very knowledgeable about any condition that affects their child and they are the best people to ask for advice and information. However you may also like to source further information from doctors, health visitors and the internet. ASTHMA- is Britain’s most common long-term childhood illness, according to the National Asthma Campaign. Asthma is a particular kind of chronic allergic reaction affecting the airways, leading to inflammation, narrowed airways and characteristic symptoms which include: wheezing shortness of breath tightness in the chest coughing These symptoms are usually variable, intermittent, often worse at night, and can be provoked by various triggers including cigarette smoke, house-dust mites, contact with animals and exercise. All allergic reactions, including food allergy, eczema, hay-fever and the life-threatening anaphylaxis, are on the increase. Asthma impacts not only on the child, with frequent episodes of wheezy illness which can be frightening, time off school, visit to the GP, but also on the family, leading to constant anxiety and sleepless nights. DIABETES- is a disease affecting the pancreas. This gland produces the substance insulin, which helps the body use up the sugar which comes from the diet. If there is insufficient insulin glucose builds up in the the bloodstream and douses problems for many organs of the body. Most young diabetics will use a blood glucose measuring device at home to check the blood glucose level frequently. A child and their family will need a period of adjustment after diabetes is diagnosed. They must establish a routine for blood glucose monitoring and injecting, learn how to count carbohydrates, see diabetes health professionals regularly and cope with fluctuating blood glucose levels. New challenges may arise as a child moves through different life stages. CYSTIC FIBROSIS-this is an inherited disease in which a number of body tissues an abnormally thick mucus. For example, the lining of the air passages in the lungs normally produces a thin mucus which keeps the lining moist. In cystic fibrosis this is very thick, leading to the air passages becoming blocked and susceptible to infection. The condition also affected the pancreas. This gland produces digestive juices and if it is affected by cystic fibrosis food can not be digestive properly. This mean that the child’s bowel movements may be loose, fatty, and foul-smelling although sometimes constipation will be a problem. Cystic fibrosis affects approximately one child in 3. 000 in UK. A test of the amount of salt in the sweat will confirm the diagnosis. There is no cure. However if it is diagnosed early, damage to the lungs can be prevented. CEREBRAL PALSY-results from damage to the parts of the brain which control the body’s movements and posture. This damage may occur before birth, during birth or during the first two years of life. The developing brain may be damaged by lack of oxygen, infection in the mother during pregnancy or a placenta which is not functioning properly. Children with cerebral palsy may need ongoing treatment throughout their childhood. Parents should always be involved in the treatment programme and in most cases will be able to help with exercises at home. Some sufferers from cerebral palsy may also have a mental handicap as a result of brain damage, but equally there may be no mental handicap whatsoever. These chronic health conditions, in addition to causing issues with child development both physically, emotionally and intellectually, can also cause great distress for those caring for the child. ———————————————————————————————— REFERENCE- Gina Ford-â€Å"The Contented Little Baby Book Of Weaning†- 2012 Gina Ford-â€Å"The Contented Child’s Food Bible†-2012 Jane Rossiter and Rosemary Seddon-â€Å"The Diabetics Kids Cookbook† -1987 Meenu Singh -â€Å"Asthma in Children† 2011 Teresa Kilgour -â€Å"Children’s Illnesses (Understanding)(Family Doctor Books) 2008

Ritual Communication And The Transmission Communication Model Cultural Studies Essay

Ritual Communication And The Transmission Communication Model Cultural Studies Essay Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another, thus the reason most of us spend about 75 percent communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to others. The communication process is sign mediated interactions between two or more people. The James Carey article discerns between two alternative models of communication that were dominant at one point or another in the history of western civilization. These two views were characterized as transmission and ritual. Both these views exist in everyday communication; however it is not always clear which one is in operation since communication is such a mundane thing. This essay will attempt to help in distinguishing between the two through analysis of the James W. Carey article A Cultural Approach to Communication. The transmission model of communication is the one that is most prominent both in our society, and most industrial cultures. The transmission model of communication focuses on the transportation of a message from a sender to a receiver in hopes of disseminating information. Moreover this model of communication attempts to influence others across space. From day one humans have been trying to enable sending information from one entity to another instantly; however it wasnt until the telegraph that this was possible. Motives for this instantaneous transmission through space was due to the need for political governance and the supply and demand factors of economics. The fact that a motive for instantaneous transmission was for political governance shows the underlying truth behind the transmission model of communication was to attempt control of distance (i.e. close the gap between space) and people. Furthermore we see the transmission model of communication as a way to spread knowledge beyond geographical boundaries and educate others. Therefore if one were to further analyse the motives behind instantaneous movement in space the church/religious reasons become evident key players. For instance Carey states that this movement in space was an attempt to establish and extend the kingdom of God, to create the conditions under which godly understanding might be realized, to produce a heavenly though still terrestrial city (Carey 39)Thus the vast movement through space was to establish and extend Gods kingdom on earth. If we were to look at society today it is clear that the most dominant religion today is the Christian and Catholic faith. In my opinion the control of space through instantaneous transmission was exceptionally successful, further emphasizing religious reasons were a major motive. Supplementary evidence of this comes from the invention of the telegraph. This is because when it was first invented and used the first thing that was transmitted was what hat h God wrought (Carey 39) this showed a strong religious connection. The transmission view of communication was seen as the sending of information between sender and receiver for the goal of dissemination of knowledge over space. Therefore if one were to look at the newspaper under the transmission view, it would be seen as a medium seeking to inform, not to integrate us in the national and worldwide events. In my opinion examining the newspaper under the transmission view desensitizes the events around us, since we are not taking on the personalities in the news but merely being informed. Without integration one could argue that we become without emotion when reading the newspaper under the transmission view. This view of communication is the one the truly dominates our capitalistic culture. On the other hand the ritual view of communication is the older of the two views and is the one that has the lesser effect on our society today. As basic metaphor for the ritual view of communication is considered ceremony, where the participants roles are actually participants not sender receiver like in the transmission view. The ritual view of communication focuses on the sharing of information and the preservation across time. In addition the ritual view of communication is not concerned with disseminating messages over space. In the opinion of James Carey in a ritual definition, communication is linked to terms such as sharing, participation, association, fellowship, and the possession of a common faith (Carey 40) Therefore this view of communication calls for integration of the participants since it draws people together in fellowship and commonality, much like church for certain religions. One would not simply go to church and not participate in the singing, praying, and joyo us clapping that takes place. An argument against the ritual view of communication could be that since it is culturally biased, there could be some ethnocentric problems. This is because not everyone shares the same beliefs, so some rituals may offend others or they might misunderstand. When examining the newspaper under the ritual view, you are not intended to gain information from it, but to become one with the stories within the paper. Like the definition of ritual views says you become a participant. Under the ritual view medias are not used for social interaction, i.e. discussing television show with friends during conversation, but are instead forms of social integration. With all the reality TV shows around us nowadays there is some evidence that the ritual view of communication is making a slight comeback. This is because reality TV shows try to integrate the audience with the events in the show to form social connection. Reality TV shows are able to facilitate a sense of be longing, refuge and community even if the audience isnt directly interacting, for instance the, The Biggest Loser had a huge effect on many people. Therefore under the ritual view of communication people are more inclined to take on vicarious roles depending on the media used. From reading the Carey article I would tend to say that he prefers the ritual view of communication because he feels that the transmission view is over used in todays society. In addition Carey feels that the transmission view of communication can no longer keep up with technology or the social change of modern time, Although it led to solid achievement it could no longer go forward without disastrous intellectual and social consequences (Carey 42) My interpretation of this is that Carey feels that with the transmission model of communication it will fail to keep up with technology and will lose its control over space. For example nowadays the government is having trouble controlling peer to peer file sharing, which in a sense follows the transmission model. Therefore the social consequence of this is damage to intellectual property. Carey doesnt hate the transmission model; he would just rather see more of the ritual view of communication, since there is an influx of transmission co mmunication around us. Everywhere we look transmission communication has a hold/control of us. Transmission communication is analogous to the hypodermic needle effect. Meaning whatever we see in the mass media through transmission communication has a direct and powerful effect upon the audience. An excellent example of this is advertisements; commercials for trucks are made to control our thoughts and beliefs about the product in a positive way, which eventually leads to us going to buy the product. However under the ritual view this commercial would have helped us in connecting with a certain group or role. In conclusion, models of communication are, then, not merely representation of communication but representations for communication. (Carey 47) Therefore different models of communication allow us to communicate effectively depending on the situation, if we were advertising we would definitely want to communicate through the transmission model.

Impact of the Cold War on the World Economies Essay -- Russia vs Ameri

Abstract from Paper World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence. This created a divide between communist countries and democratic counties which set up the Cold War. This divided world created a globalized economy unlike ever before, one with communist countries and one with democratic. All the countries of the world, of each government type, were interconnected and dependent on each other. The countries of the opposite group were not traded with, all the trading was done within a countries own group. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Keeping a nation’s economy going is a very difficult balancing act. Things the country itself does, like pass new laws, can effect a countries economy greatly. Situations were economies are hurt by new laws are completely in the hands of the countries government. In some situations it’s not in their control at all. This is like the situation with Scotland and its trade with Russia. The actions Russia has taken with the Ukraine have caused the European Union to put sanctions on Russia. This intern has hurt Scotland’s economy greatly. The country usually exports 45 million GPD of food and drink to Russia but 22 million GPD was stopped by the sanctions. That is a huge loss in revenue and has far reaching affects, the normal trade of these countries can be seen in the image bellow. Also it not only affects that sector of the economy but ripples through the whole economy (Maddox). However, this situation is not a new one and its causes can be traced back to the Cold W ar. World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence.... ...illars in the modern globalized democratic economy, alongside the U.S., causing many issues and creating a worldwide economic rift even to this day. WORKS CITED â€Å"Hoffman Reports Gain in ‘Cold War'† New York Times, December 8,1949. Maddox, David. â€Å"Nato tells Putin: ‘We stand with Ukraine’ The Scotsman, September 5, 2014. McWilliams, Wayne C., and Harry Piotrowski. The World since 1945: A History of International Relations. 7th ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009. Our Own Correspondent, et al. â€Å"Occupation Powers And European Economy.† Times [London, England] 11 Apr. 1950: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 Apr. 2015. Painter, David. The Cold War An International History. New York: Routledge, 1999. Simensen, Jarle. â€Å"Democracy and Globalization; Nineteen Eighty-nine and the â€Å"Third Wave† Journal of World History 10.2 (1999) 391-411.

Discuss the treatment of women in society with reference to Charlotte E

Discuss the treatment of women in society with reference to Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Margaret Atwood's A Handmaids Tale. In this essay, I will compare a pre-twentieth century novel with a modern novel, and examine the discussion of the treatment of women in society. 'Jane Eyre' was first published in 1847, and was written by Charlotte Bronte. It is the story of a young woman, Jane Eyre, ill treated through childhood, but determined and intelligent. Through the novel, the reader watches her grow and develop as a person, and overcome many problems, to become a respectable, independent woman. It is said that 'Jane Eyre' contains many autobiographical elements from Bronte's own experiences of life. Bronte uses this novel to observe and criticize oppressive social ideas that were common in nineteenth century Victorian society. Jane's position as a governess (another autobiographical element, as Charlotte too was a governess) is an imperative tool in the novel, as it provides a neutral vantage point from which to observe these practices of Victorian society. Governesses were expected to have the education and culture of the aristocracy, but were still looked at as the same status as servants, as they were paid employees. They were seen as lower class, as shown by Lady Ingram in chapter 17: "Don't mention governesses, the word makes me nervous. I have suffered a martyrdom from their incompetence." "In hers [physiognomy] I see all the faults of her class." Female oppression is another prominent issue in the book. Bronte creates struggles that Jane must overcome to achieve equality with men, and she resists the superior attitude of men who believe women should have submissive positions. For ex... ...ppressed. The message is that this balance between men and woman is delicate and its future uncertain. In reading the book you realise that it is entirely possible for woman to lose their rights completely, and the social clock, in relation to woman in society, could be turned back. The Handmaid's Tale is set in the future an any signs of the rights of women as we know them are banished and barren, except in the pain ridden memories of women living reduced roles. Charlotte Bronte, although more subtle in her approach than Atwood, displays just as much passion concerning rights of women. At several points she acknowledges that women's role in society is questionable, and should be a prominent issue in women's minds. I thoroughly enjoyed reading both books and feel that both are excellent pieces of literature that put across a strong, important message.

A Happier Tomorrow in Today Will Be a Quiet Day Essays -- Today Will B

A Happier Tomorrow in Today Will Be a Quiet Day  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the story "Today Will Be a Quiet Day" written by Amy Hempel, one may be inclined to believe that there is a tone of depression or sadness among the father and the two children. This is shown in the opening sentence, while the three are stalled in traffic on the Golden Gate Bridge. The boy states, "I think if the quake hit now the bridge would collapse and the ramps would be left" (Hempel 1202). We also learn that the boy had a best friend who committed suicide about a year before. Finally, the fact that a mother is not mentioned leaves the reader with a suspicion that the parents may be divorced, separated, or even worse, the mother may be deceased. Even though these incidents probably make the reader feel as if a disaster is likely to occur, there is also ample evidence to show that the family is moving on in their lives, and happier times are yet to come. First, the father decides to take the day off and spend some time with his children. He lets his son and daughter skip their music lessons and they all take a trip...

Carrots Essay

Carrots is a root vegetable that originated in Afghanistan over 5000 years ago for there seeds and leaves. But today carrots are enjoyed for their fresh delicious flavours coming in all shapes and sizes in a variation of different colours like orange, red, yellow, purple, and white. Carrots can be purchased in all kinds of forms shredded, baby carrot, diced, sliced, regular size with leaf on or leaf off. Carrots can be stored in the fridge for up to 3 months but to prevent spoilage remove green leaves because the leaves draw moisture from the root causing carrots to dry out. Also carrots should be stored away from apples because they give off ethylene gas which causes carrots to become bitter. Purchasing carrots from the grocery store should be dried off if they are wet and tightly sealed in a plastic bag, what this does is it increases the nutrition value. Carrots contain B-carotene (a source of vitamin A), also it has fibres, anti-oxidants, minerals, calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamins C,K and B6, also carrots helps improve eye sight, skin nourishment, hair growth, and reduces the risk of heart disease, and cancer. Carrots have many alternative ways they can be used like chopped for mirepoix, blended for drinks, boiled for soups & stews, fried for stir fry, steamed for side dishes, gratered for carrot cake, beauty remedies for hair & skin, or simply eaten raw. There are many recipes for carrots like carrot cake, glazed carrots, or ginger carrot soup. References www. carrotmuseum. com. uk www. foodnetwork. com / www. marthastewart. com (recipes)

Should the United States Adopt the Metric System

Should the United States Adopt the Metric System? Donielle Allen NCSU Maths 103 Ms. Blackman June 29, 2010 Abstract This paper is to inform my readers on the question â€Å"Should the United States Adopt the Metric System? † In this paper you will see the difference between the US and the Metric System. You will also see how easier it is the go with the Metric System instead of the US System. The Metric System makes life easier for everyone.I think the United States should adopt the Metric System, because nearly every other major country in the world uses it as their primary system of measurements of distance, volume, temperature, energy and so forth. It is comparatively simple to make conversion in the Metric System as the system was designed for making conversions. It will greatly simplify life for us students when we have only to learn that a kilometer is 1000 meters instead of learning that a mile is 5280 feet.The Metric System would not only simplify life for us students, it will also simplify life for Scientist and engineers, making their computations less error prone and consequently, the products better and cheaper. The question is always been asked, why not use the US System instead of switching to the Metric System. But it is always known that the Metric System is better. To compare both systems here, I will list all English Imperial units in use, and all SI units describing the same range of the same physical quantities. These are: Length, area, volume, mass, force, pressure, energy, power and temperature.For a fair comparison, we omit those SI units which are commonly used in both systems, like second, ampere, volt, ohm etc. To measure the above mentioned quantities in the English Imperial system, all the following units can occur: * Length: inch, foot, yard, mile, fathom, rod, furlong, league, mil, pole, perch, hand, link, chain * Area: square inch, square foot, square yard, acre, square mile, township, square fathom, square rod, square furl ong, square league, square mil, square pole, square perch, square hand, square link, square chain. Volume: gallon, liquid quart, dry quart, liquid pint, dry pint, fluid ounce, teaspoon, tablespoon, minim, fluid dram, gill, peck, bushel, cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, cubic fathom, cubic rod, cubic furlong, cubic mile, cubic league, cubic mil, cubic pole, cubic perch, cubic hand, cubic link, cubic chain.* Mass: pound, apoth. pound, ounce, apoth. ounce, dram, apoth. dram, grain, spoth. scruple, pennyweight, short hundredweight, long hundredweight, short ton, long ton. * Force: pound, ton. Pressure: pounds per square inch, pounds per square foot, pounds per square yard, pounds per acre, pounds per square mile, pounds per township, pounds per square fathom, pounds per square rod, pounds per square furlong, pounds per square league, pounds per square mil, pounds per square pole, pounds per square perch, pounds per square hand, pounds per square link, pounds per square chain, tons pe r square inch, tons per square foot, tons per square yard, tons per acre, tons per square mile, tons per township, tons per square fathom, tons per square rod, tons per square furlong, tons per square league, tons per square mil, tons per square pole, tons per square perch, tons per square hand, tons per square link, tons per square chain. Energy: calorie, inch-pound, foot-pound, yard-pound, mile-pound, fathom-pound, rod-pound, furlong-pound, league-pound, mil-pound, pole-pound, perch-pound, hand-pound, link-pound, chain-pound, inch-ton, foot-ton, yard-ton, mile-ton, fathom-ton, rod-ton, furlong-ton, league-ton, mil-ton, pole-ton, perch-ton, hand-ton, link-ton, chain-ton.* Power: horsepower, inch-pound per second, foot-pound per second, yard-pound per second, mile-pound per second, fathom-pound per second, rod-pound per second, furlong-pound per second, league-pound per second, mil-pound per second, pole-pound per second, perch-pound per second, hand-pound per second, link-pound per second, chain-pound per second, inch-ton per second, foot-ton per second, yard-ton per second, mile-ton per second, fathom-ton per second, rod-ton per second, furlong-ton per second, league-ton per second, mil-ton er second, pole-ton per second, perch-ton per second, hand-ton per second, link-ton per second, chain-ton per second. * Temperature: degrees Fahrenheit. To measure the same range of the same quantities in the metric system, only the following units can occur: * Length: meter * Area: square meter (are) * Volume: cubic meter (liter) * Mass: gram (metric ton) * Force: newton * Pressure: pascal * Energy: joule * Power: watt * Temperature: kelvin (degrees Celsius) Now, by looking at the list above we can all come to an agreement that the Metric System is way easier than the US System, and that the United States should adopt it. The best thing about the metric system is that it is easily divisible and convertible.Instead of having to remember that there are 12 inches in a foot, three feet in a yard, and 5280 feet to a mile, you just have to remember that there are 10 millimeters to a centimeter, 10 centimeters to a decimeter, and 10 decimeters to a meter. It is much easier to remember and much easier to convert.Reference Stans, M. (1971). Should The U. S. Approve Pending Recommendations To Adopt Officially The International Metric System? PRO. Congressional Digest, 50(12), 298. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. The Historian, Initials. (2007, December 26). Metric system. Retrieved from http://scienceray. com/mathematics/mathematical-theory/reasons-why-the-united-states-should-adopt-the-metric-system/

Psychology discussion Essay

The findings from this research that trigrams in an organised list will be recalled better than those in a disorganised list have supported the evidence of Millers theory. Miller (1956) found that the magic number 7+-2 can be increased using the method called chunking. This would relate to this piece of research as the amount of individual letters remembered was a lot bigger than the value 7+-2. Participants in the organized condition on average recalled about twenty one letters, and in the disorganized condition they recalled about nine letters. This supports Millers view; that more items can be remembered if they are recalled in â€Å"chunks†. This experiment can be extended to investigate the theory of expert chess players having better chunking abilities than novice players (Chase and Simon (1973)). The expert chess players could recall more information about the relationship of chess pieces than those of amateur chess players, the expert’s could recall up to 30 pieces of information, compared to only seven pieces for amateur players. This links to my experiment because using the technique chunking on an organised and disorganised list of words, led to an improvement in the number of trigrams recalled in the organised condition rather than the disorganised condition. In the organized list around 21 individual letters were recalled, compared to only 9 in the disorganized list. This supports Chase and Simons view that chunking can lead to better recall. My experiment was based on a previous study by Bowers in 1969; the results produced are similar to those obtained by Bowers. Table comparing the result of my study and Bowers study: This Study Bowers Study Average words recalled % of Words Average words recalled % of Words Organised 7. 1 71% 16. 9 65% Disorganised 2. 9 29% 4. 94 19% The results are quite similar although the results above have a higher percentage of words recalled for both the organised and disorganised list compared to Bowers results, however this is due to the fact that more words were involved in Bowers list: – 26 compared to the 10 words used on my list. This will have had an affect on memory as the participant is challenged to remember more words. Bower used a theme of minerals; whereas in my experiment it involved a mixture of random trigrams. This could have affected the ability to recall; especially if Bowers’ participants had greater knowledge than others. However this problem did not occur in my experiment as it was not based around one particular theme. On the whole my results are similar to those obtained by Bowers. E2- Strengths and Weaknesses of the investigation: A strength of this investigation was the method used. This was a laboratory experiment. This method was very reliable and accurate as it allowed manipulation and full control over the variables (i. e. whether the participant is given the organised or disorganised list of trigrams). Therefore the results which were obtained were reliable, and the experiment could be easily replicated by another researcher. A strength of this experiment was that ethics was taken into consideration as informed consent was used to gain approval from the participant, to take part in the experiment. Participants were told they were taking part in a psychology experiment. Also confidentiality was abided by as well as all participants had the right to withdraw there results at any time, also none of their personal details were taken such as names and address. A weakness of this experiment could be the design; as an independent groups design was used; there may have been individual differences between participants. As those participants in the organized condition may have been more intelligent than those in the disorganized condition; this could have lead to them recalling more trigrams than those in the disorganized condition. E3- Consideration of alternative method: An alternative method could be used to test the affect of organisation on memory recall rather than an experimental method. A field experiment can be used so the test can be carried out in a natural setting. The new test can be carried out in school; for example a teacher can carry out an examination on students by testing a group of students to remember a list of abbreviations. This would be testing the ability to recall organized trigrams. Another classroom could be asked to play a game; where their partner gives them three random letters; if they answer a question wrong in a quiz they must recall the three letters they were told at the beginning. A new disorganized trigram would be used every time a question was answered incorrectly. This would then allow you to test the ability to recall disorganized trigrams. An advantage of this over the other method is that it would be carried out in participant’s everyday settings; therefore it would be more realistic, which would give the experiment more ecological validity. This method will also reduce demand characteristics. Students will believe that this is a real test, and therefore they will pay attention and take the task seriously. Although they will not know it is a task into memory; they will believe it is an important test. This method would be relevant for the aim and hypothesis of the study, as it would show if there is a clear difference, in the organized and disorganized trigrams recalled and it would also improve the reliability of the results. E4- Application of findings and suggestion for future research: In conclusion, this investigation has found that 16-18 year olds on average recall more trigrams from an organised list than a disorganised list. This research has proven that chunking and organization does increase the capacity of short-term memory. Therefore a link can be made to the real world for example if someone has to remember security numbers or phone numbers. Short codes can be chunked into one unit, although longer series of numbers like phone numbers may be chunked into two or three sections. This will help to aid recall, also chunking and organisation can help with revision. For example, by revising from notes arranged in an organised style this should organise the data in the brain and encourage better recall in exams and therefore good exam results. This research can also be applied when people do daily shopping. For example items of a similar nature can be chunked together into one group, e. g. , peas, cabbage and broccoli could be chunked under a vegetables group, so that they can be remembered as one chunk rather than three individual units. This research can be applied to future research by investigating if using chunking technique for exam revision can aid better recall thus better exam results. For example teachers could hold revision session’s using call cards which are chunked into small amounts of detail for the student to remember. They can then test to see if students with revision aids did better than those without.

Marketing mix of a beer company Essay

Introduction It was in October 1992 when The Black Sheep Brewery beers first made an appearance in pubs in and around the Yorkshire Dales. The delivery of those first casks of beer over ten years ago began a new era for Paul Theakston, whose family has brewed in Masham for five generations. It also allowed him to put behind him the heartache left by the often acrimonious battles that culminated in the â€Å"old† family firm of T & R Theakston Ltd ending up as part of Scottish & Newcastle Breweries. The events that led to the loss of the Theakston brewery had rumbled on since the early 1970s, with Scottish & Newcastle finally seizing power in 1988. Although they offered him a position, Paul decided corporate life wasn’t for him. What’s more, it would have meant him leaving his beloved Masham. Determined to stay in Masham and being a long, long way from retirement (both age-wise and financially!! ) it didn’t take long for Paul to conclude that it was brewing that he was best at. The decision was made, create a â€Å"new† brewery in Masham. Now Black Sheep Brewery has invested ? 3 million in more production facilities and has boosted by 20 per cent. The company is on course for doubling by 2006 and a new distribution depot is being constructed for completion by the end of 2004. 1. 0 The Marketing Mix on The Black Sheep Brewery The marketing mix is looking at the right product, at the right price, what media to use and to use the right place. These are known as: Product Price Promotion Place Or the four P’s 1a Product Product is defined as a physical good, service, idea, person or place that is capable of offering tangible and intangible benefits that individuals or organisations regard as necessary or that they are prepared to exchange money or something of value for it. Peter, J. Paul, ‘Marketing management: knowledge and skills’ Boston; London: McGraw-Hill). If the product does not provide the services or covers the expected needs from the customer or does not deliver the expectations created by other elements of the marketing mix, then the whole project is not going to work. The name of Black Sheep Ale does not have a marketing reason, and named after thinking and having discussion for long time. A name was needed to reflect the area and history of the place. Sheep have always figured largely in the history of the area. Masham was once an important centre for sheep trading and famous for its sheep fair. However, Sheep Brewery seemed a bit tame. In a timely stroke of inspiration Sue, Paul’s wife, coined the name Black Sheep Brewery. Black Sheep has some different slogans, but has stuck mainly with the slogan of â€Å"Black Sheep Brewery is a modern day miracle†. This is saying to the target market that The Black Sheep Ale is the best, and that there is no bitter beer this good. Although, this has been on since 1992. Also there is a second slogan. The one is also their aim â€Å"a traditional country beer†, which could be linked with the first one, showing that The Black Sheep Ale truly is the one of the best bitter beer. The logo for Black Sheep goes with the name of black sheep and a traditional cottage house. The logo shows that they are focusing on a traditional country beer. Even the font on the bottle is Elizabethan type. It is written with old way, which shows that it is of class and is very traditional. Although the logos and slogans are giving off the appeal that the rich mainly drink Black Sheep Ale, the product (and most other ales, bitter) are mainly consumed by people in the lower classes. Black Sheep, in my opinion, is marketed to men, aged between 35 and about 65 in socio-economic groups not very high. I thought that it would be marketed in these groups because these are the most likely to go down to the pub and drink beers and bitter such as Black Sheep Ale. The packing of Black Sheep is really for marketing purpose. Because of this, there is something about the packing. Black Sheep is sold only in bottles and cash ale. It is not sold in cans. It shows that their quality and their marketing purpose about packing. The Black Sheep Brewery have been brewing since 1992 and now have five Ales on sale. I think that The Black Sheep Brewery has five different of product because of they want to keep always selling the product. In my opinion, they need to focus on younger people as well, with brewing a new beer to get young people attention. Like â€Å"Ice Beer â€Å"two companies named Tetley and Carlsberg formed a partnership in 1993 to make a new product for young people. It was â€Å"Ice Beer†. 1b Promotion Promotion is the direct way in which an organisation attempts to communicate with various target audience. Promotion consists of five main elements: Advertising, Personal selling, sales promotion, Public Relations and Direct Marketing. Sales Promotion As Black Sheep is sold in many different ways, they can have numerous different types of sales promotions. They can offer price reductions and Buy One Get One Free, such as at supermarkets, happy hours at pubs, and added value, e. g. extra free. They have also done charity promotions; see Public Relations, and competitions. They don’t actually do many sales promotions, but they sell lots of merchandising. With over 1,000 different items there is definitely something for everyone. They sell numerous items, such as caps, T-shirts, bottle openers. Most of the things that they do is to make more people buy their product over any other beer or ales. The merchandising is a bit different, because most people who choose to wear a caps with the logo of their favourite beer do not look cool, and end up looking stupid. (such as logo of black sheep). I think if they sell something like beer cooler to stock them in it. It will make the consumer feel as if they have the Black Sheep cooler and need to fill it with Black Sheep Ale, this makes them sell more Black Sheep Ale. It’s like they’ve caught them in a net, buy this, and so you can also buy all of these. Sponsorship The Black Sheep sponsors a number of different things. These mostly consist of local events. There are at the Black Sheep Brewery Visitor Centre and in around Masham area. The Black Sheep also sponsors of local drink and food festivals which shows that they are not trying to become popular around UK or the world. It is obvious that the things that The Black Sheep Brewery sponsors event, which are mainly viewed by local people and old people. This shows that The Black Sheep is clearly marketed to people who live in that area and old people. They should be sponsor of some events which known by everyone. As Budweiser does (they are sponsor of Manchester United, the BMW Williams F1 team. ). The events which are viewed, not only by people there, also by people watching at home. Advertising In the beer industry, the beer is bought by beer lovers which mean that advertisements in this case, should be targeted to the beer lovers and makes them understand the qualities of the beer. Normally this kind of product is advertised on TV or some times in undergrounds, sport events like football, rugby or car races. Short-term promotions could be placed in the package or even create brochures of discounts. 1c Place The Black Sheep is sold in different ways (bottle, cash ale). So it is difficult to say what type of distribution method is used. It can be sold in cans, multi-packs, kegs, bottles, from the tap at a pub, etc. The method that is sold by shops or supermarkets would be form the produce, to the shop/supermarket and then on to the retailer. It can also be sold via a wholesaler to a shop, which means that the price goes up 3 times. When sold in a pub, it could even be sent straight from the producer to the pub. The sale of the Black Sheep takes place in lots of different outlets, such as pubs, supermarkets, alcohol stores, off licences, and over the Internet. This means that it can cost a lot to supply it in all the ways that they do. But it also means that they may sell more, because some people are only able to buy it in one way, and if people can’t buy Black Sheep in a way that they would like to, the Black Sheep Brewery won’t make as much money as they could have. So they should try to be found even in a corner shop by customers. 1d Price As I have mentioned before, Black Sheep is sold in a number of ways, so for the Price part of this study, I will look only at the price of their best seller amount sold, which is the Black Sheep Ale 4. 4% of 500 ml. For a bottle of 500 ml, Black Sheep uses completive pricing, which involves giving a price similar to the competitors, psychological pricing, which is pricing to the nearest whole number e. g. ?1. 29. I think that they can also use promotional pricing, which is like free amounts such as 25% extra free or Buy One Get One Free. I think that these types of prices are used so that Black Sheep is bought more than the competitors. Even if the price of Black Sheep is only a few pence cheaper, people tend to buy it rather than another brand, and vice versa, this is because they are always after a bargain, and companies always have to make their prices cheaper than their other competitors to win the competition. Task2 2. 0 Logistic Facilities on Black Sheep Brewery. The Black Sheep Brewery Company should realise that they will need to improve their logistic facilities. Because of the company is on course for doubling production by 2006. In my opinion, they should describe that what mode of transport is appropriate for them and whether is the best for firms to operate their own warehouse and fleet of delivery vehicles or to sub contract all aspect of distribution to a specialist firm. Paul Theakston says that they will probably be working more with wholesalers and the pub companies who continue to buy up the independent pubs in the future. Brewers maintained a high level of control over the market by controlling distribution and routes to market. This was particularly true of draught beer, where brewers maintained a high-cost infrastructure operated on a dedicated basis to maintain control over the supply of The Black Sheep’s own beers from brewery to pub. This operated against the public interest. Brewers marginally-coasted such activities when pricing this service to direct customers, and recovered the costs in margin on beer sales. This excluded wholesalers and independent distributors from supplying beer to such outlets. Inefficiency and extra cost was built into the market with pubs receiving multiple deliveries from brewers with beer and from wholesale suppliers with wines, spirits and other products. Control of distribution provided brewers with the leverage to negotiate solus supply with direct customers restricting market access for other draught beer suppliers and limiting choice for the consumer. Place is trying to get the right level of distribution in the right types of outlets. This is one of the most difficult, yet important marketing activities. In simple terms physical distribution involves getting a product from A to B. Logistics has a very important role to play in the process of distribution. This is because they start off the process and plan it from beginning to end. If they don’t do their job probably then they could end up with no beers in the shops and pubs, which loses sales and therefore profit. Logistics monitor demand for goods and co-ordinate the process from ordering raw materials through to the timely delivery to the warehouse. Physical distribution must balance the need for customer service against the need to minimise costs. It is necessary to plan a physical distribution system carefully taking into account the need for warehouse space, stock, staff etc in order to maximise efficiency. On the other hand it is necessary to keep down costs and get the correct balance between these inputs and outputs and therefore provide an efficient but profitable service. The Black Sheep Brewery. This is the distribution channel that I would advise The Black Sheep Brewery to use: This is the distribution channel that The Black Sheep Brewery already uses, so I think they should also use it for the new products for the future. I think this because it is already set up and working well for their other products and is already in a good area, with experienced staff and known by their existing suppliers. They would need to incorporate this new product into their existing set-up, therefore keeping costs down as their will be no initial start up expense. Because it is already an up and running distribution channel the experienced staff should be able to get it up and running quickly, efficiently and cost effectively. If the Black Sheep Brewery becomes a big success then they might have to build an extension to their already existing warehouse, but if this is necessary it should finance itself. The only slight disadvantage to this type of distribution channel would be that the distribution centre is a middle stage and extra staff would be needed but I think that this is necessary in a large company. I would advise The Black Sheep Brewery to sell their products in a number of different retail outlets: Supermarkets Corner shops (news agencies) Petrol stations Hotels Stadium (e. g. Wembley) TASK 3 3. 0 International operation on Black Sheep Brewery There are over 200 countries around the globe; companies such as The Black Sheep Brewery should consider the key environmental factors before entering new country markets. These factors are known as the C and SLEPT factors, Social/ Cultural, Legal, Economic, Political, Technological, and Competitors. These are the uncontrollable factors that will affect the companies’ decisions, as well as the success of a company. 3a Social/ Cultural A single country may sometimes comprise several nations and independent cultures, and within each of these groups, there may be different religions, languages and attitudes. An example is Canada, where the main language is not just English, but as well as French. These factors affect the buying behaviour of a consumer. There are four categories in social/ cultural factor which marketers should consider before entering new country markets. Firstly, habits and conventions can influence the behaviour of a consumer. For an example, some individuals may not be interested in foreign goods/ products. Secondly, there is the attitudes which affected by religions/ culture. This is considered as an extrapolation of the past, which is a learned behaviour rather than innate behaviour. For an example, some people may only be interested in doing businesses within their own cultures/ groups. The next category is the naivety and ignorance of countries/ cultures. Languages are one of the main factors, some words may have different meanings in different languages, and some of their meanings may be incomprehensible or insulting. Lastly, demographic aspects within a country are to be aware of. The number of population and their growth trends, ethnicity and education level of a country can be used to determine one country’s lifestyle or buying behaviour. 3b Legal Since there is no actual body of law known as international law, there are various legal systems around the globe. Examples are common law and Islamic law. These legal systems concern the pricing of products, import/ export limitations, types of advertising and product safety. For an example, In United States, every state has its own laws. The Black Sheep Brewery should be aware of the laws where they are marketing. 3c Economic Paliwoda suggests that â€Å"Macro-environment is created when trade and transactions take place across, rather than within, national frontiers; but it is important to note that there may well be greater economic environmental differences between different parts of the same country than between countries belonging to the same geographical region. † in his book, â€Å"International Marketing†. This means a single country may have different economic level. For an example, in some rural part of China is suffering from poverty, whereas in some parts of China, such as Hong Kong is to be considered as one of the richest cities in East Asia. Other factors to be aware of are, currencies used, where some countries may have weak currencies due to inflation or recession, also the kind if payment, some countries such as Columbia may pay by coffee beans. Secondly, the general economy, which can be determine by the average income of the public. 3d Political Politics is a very important factor, it can either bring trading partners together or tear them apart. Government policies and attitudes towards imports are different around the globe. Some may set up trade barriers such as high tariffs, high import tax, in order to protect their own brands/ economy, or due to some tensions between countries. On the other hand, some may lower the import restrictions by setting up trade agreements between countries to minimise trade tariffs in bilateral trade exchanges, or to create job opportunities for their public. The Black Sheep Brewery should also be aware of the stability of the host country’s regimes, also the level of government control of company assets. 3e Technological This factor concerns the technological level of a country, such as the existing facilities and infrastructure; some countries may be more â€Å"high tech† than the others. Also the labour skills and training, some countries may have highly skilled labours, some may not. There may be a huge cost of new technology; also some government policies such as green issues may limit the use of some technologies. 3f Competitors Since The Black Sheep Brewery is not the only company around the globe that supply beer there are various alternatives for consumers to choose from. Competitors such as Budweiser and Stella may have taken at least 90% of the consumers in some countries. Marketers should consider whether it is worthwhile to enter such countries. In marketing audit, SWOT analysis suggests that companies should minimise their weaknesses/ threats, and turn them into companies’ strengths/ opportunities. When entering new country markets, there are weaknesses/ threats exist within and outside the company. These are the lacking of time, lacking of internal/ external knowledge and risks of competitors. By using methods of entry such as acquisition or merger can often minimise the weaknesses/ threats and turn them into possible strengths/ opportunities within and outside the company.