The Bank of Canada essays

The Bank of Canada articles Canadas national bank, the Bank of Canada, is a to a great extent obscure establishment to most of Canadians. Regardless of its little size and haziness, in any case, the Bank of Canada assumes an essential job in the countries economy. With a spending that is predominated by most minor government offices, the Bank keeps up a strategy limit that permits it to play a quick and viable job in affecting Canadas financial atmosphere. The Bank is given self-governance that is unmatched by different offices, exemplified by the way that the Governor of the Bank is selected to multi year terms in which he/she is incredibly protected from political weights. The inner structure of the Bank advances the impact of the Governor, albeit every single money related choice must consider worldwide conditions and inflationary objectives. The Bank of Canada was made in 1934 with the death of the Bank of Canada Act. The poor financial conditions during the downturn provoked requests for government intercession into the economy, and the production of the Bank was a path for the legislature to deal with money related arrangement. Canada was similarly late in making a national bank: the United States having done as such in 1913 and the UK path in 1694. The first order of the Bank, as spread out in the Bank of Canada Act, was to direct credit and cash, shield the estimation of the dollar from undue changes and advance the monetary and budgetary government assistance of the Dominion . The goals given to the bank were expansive and surrendered much over to the desire of the Governor. The first proprietorship structure of the Bank was comprised of private investors who couldn't work in the monetary division. The purpose was to make a detachment between the Bank and the money related network, just as the Bank and the administr ation itself. The legislature, trying to deal with money related strategy, nationalized the Bank in 1938 creation it a crown partnership. All through I... <!

Learning Styles – VAK

VAK hypothesis is broadly perceived by instructors †especially the individuals who suggest quickened learning procedures †yet the possibility that we get data by means of various modes has been around significantly longer than that and can be followed back to crafted by Grace Fernald (â€Å"Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects†) who advanced kinaesthetic learning strategies; Samuel Orton’s chip away at dyslexia; Anna Gillingham’s resulting take a shot at creating multisensory approaches; and the all encompassing instructive way of thinking of Maria Montessori. (WWW. brainboxx . co. k) We as a whole learn in various styles it’s only an instance of discovering what style suits the individual student to get the best outcomes out of them, for instance if you somehow happened to show a student that is most appropriate to Kinaesthetic learning, by giving them just gifts and talking, they will lose fixation a lot speedier and wont retain any of the data you are giving them, though on the off chance that you keep them connected by possibly accomplishing something as straightforward as giving out the presents or give a little exhibition of what their realizing they will keep connected subsequently engrossing the data for more. There are three sorts of learning styles, Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic. Somebody that requires a Visual learning style would like to pick up utilizing drawing, portrays, gifts, graphs and so on. An Auditory student would like to learn with the guide of tuning in and afterward responding to inquiries regarding what they have quite recently heard, stories (possibly of past encounters), accounts, jokes and so forth. Though somebody that learns in a Kinaesthetic manner would learn in a significantly more active manner by building things, dismantling something and re-working to perceive how it functions, utilizing their hands, having the option to move around and so forth. When setting up your exercise plan you should provide food for every one of the three learning types and possibly you could as of now have a thought on the most proficient method to get the best out of your gathering of students that utilization each of the three sorts, for instance: on the off chance that you have a couple of Kinaesthetic students in a gathering or conversation meeting you could keep them connected by requesting that they come up and give a show, or if you’re in a workshop domain you could give an exhibition for all, while verbally clarifying what you’re doing and accomplishing, in this way likewise cooking for Visual and Auditory students. The primary concern is to keep the students locked in. (As Geoff negligible says in Teaching Today) it is smarter to have 80 percent focus on a respectably successful technique than 10per penny on an as far as anyone knows splendid one.

6.Critically evaluate the contribution of different feminist Essay

6.Critically assess the commitment of various women's activist ways to deal with the control of Sociology - Essay Example normally underline on the ‘male control of society’ (Kirby, 2000, p.90) attempting to clarify the reasons for different social wonders; the above technique for clarifying the advancement of social realities prompts the legitimization of certain social realities and the obliviousness of others; it is referenced, for example, by Kirby (2000) that women's activist methodologies are utilized so as to clarify the maltreatment of ladies by men however there is no reference to the contrary marvel. In spite of their shortcomings, the women's activist methodologies have added to the improvement of humanism however this commitment has various perspectives and outcomes in the setting clarified underneath. Women's activist points of view in human science are probably going to have a particular hypothetical structure; this structure is generally relied upon the social hypothesis on which these viewpoints are based; the above certainty is clarified in the investigation of Rege (2003) where it is noticed that ‘a well known strategy for arranging women's activist hypothesis has been the hyphenated approach: liberal, radical, Marxist, communist, postmodern and dark feminisms’ (Rege, 2003, p.51The improvement of women's activist methodologies in human science has prompted extreme clashes among specialists that review the particular field; all the more explicitly, it has been upheld that the presence of women's activist methodologies suggests that in human science there are likewise ‘masculine’ approaches (Hage, 1994, p.140); this reality prompts the presumption that social speculations are not founded on the perception and target understanding of social wonders howe ver they are probably going to be affected by the sexual orientation of the humanist in question. This supposition could prompt the reduction of value and legitimacy of social hypotheses. The above view would likewise suggest that hypotheses that are very referred to and which are not portrayed as dependent on a women's activist methodology of social wonders, for example the positivism, can't be utilized so as to clarify social conditions or activities that are identified with ladies †for instance the job of the ladies in

How to bowl like a pro essays

Step by step instructions to bowl like a professional expositions Cricket has been one of the universes most mainstream sports since the late 1800s when Australia played England in the primary cinders arrangement. The game has tagged along route from that point forward however the essentials of the game have not Everybody can appreciate a round of cricket without having to engaged with Cricket is a significant basic game in principle, the focal activity of the game happens between the batsman, who remains behind the popping wrinkle, also, the bowler, who conveys the ball from the furthest edge of the pitch, bowling from the region between the arrival wrinkles while keeping the front foot on or behind the popping wrinkle. (Allude to the chart on page I.) The complexities of cricket start when experts are concerned. For the best bowlers on the planet, contributing the ball the specific spot they need to the batsmen finding the holes in the field. For your regular Sunday evening cricketers, these perspectives are not of a similar significance. Anyway it isn't as simple as it hopes to bowl a The basic standards of cricket depend on elements and energy, both physical sciences that include the investigation of development. The motivation behind this task was to examine the material science included in cricket, and show that cricket, a group activity anybody can appreciate, is The subject utilized in the analysis, was a common individual, of little cricket foundation. The gear utilized was of your common terrace standard. Every one of these variables add to the way that there is an effortlessness to cricket and that anybody can play it just as appreciate it. To turn into the following Dennis Lillee or Sir Donald Bradman, in the round of cricket would take years, and for certain players divine mediation. For the motivation behind my test just the bowling activity ( barring turn bowling) will be considered to show that a conventional bowler can become a decent bowler, if not an ideal bowler with only a fe... <!

Review of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

Survey of 'Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad Composed by Joseph Conrad just before the century that would see the finish of the realm that it so remarkably scrutinizes, Heart of Darkness is both an undertaking story set at the focal point of a landmass spoke to through breathtakingâ verse, just as an investigation of the inescapable defilement that originates from the activity of domineering force. Outline A sailor sat upon a towing boat secured in the stream Thames portrays the principle segment of the story. This man, named Marlow, tells his kindred travelers that he invested a decent arrangement of energy in Africa. In one occasion, he was called upon to steer an outing down the waterway Congo looking for an ivory specialist, who was sent as a feature of the British pilgrim enthusiasm for an anonymous African nation. This man, named Kurtz, vanished suddenly and completely moving concern that hed gone local, been grabbed, slipped off with the companys cash, or been executed by the separate clans in the jungle.As Marlow and his crewmates draw nearer to the spot Kurtz was most recently seen, he begins to comprehend the fascination of the wilderness. Away from human progress, the sentiments of risk and probability begin to get alluring to him in view of their extraordinary force. At the point when they show up at the inward station, they find that Kurtz has become a ruler, very nearly a God to the tribesmen and ladies who he has bowed to his will. He has additionally taken a spouse, notwithstanding the reality he has an European life partner at home. Marlow additionally discovers Kurtz sick. Despite the fact that Kurtz doesnt wish it, Marlow takes him on board the vessel. Kurtz doesn't endure the excursion back, and Marlow must get back to break the news to Kurtzs life partner. Neglected light of the cutting edge world, he can't come clean and, rather, lies about the way Kurtz lived in the core of the wilderness and the way he kicked the bucket. The Dark in Heart of Darkness Numerous reporters have seen Conrads portrayal of the dim landmass and its kin as particularly aâ part of a supremacist convention that has existed in Western writing for quite a long time. Most eminently, Chinua Achebe blamed Conrad for bigotry as a result of his refusal to consider the to be man as a person in his own right, and in light of his utilization of Africa as a setting-agent of haziness and evil.Although the facts demonstrate that detestable and the defiling intensity of malice is Conrads subject, Africa isn't only delegate of that topic. Appeared differently in relation to the dull landmass of Africa is the light of the sepulchered urban communities of the West, a juxtaposition that doesn't really propose that Africa is awful or that the as far as anyone knows acculturated West is good.The obscurity at the core of the edified white man (especially the cultivated Kurtz who entered the wilderness as an emissary of pity and study of procedure and who turns into a despot) i s stood out and analyzed from the supposed brutality of the mainland. The procedure of human progress is the place the genuine murkiness lies. Kurtz Key to the story is the character of Kurtz, despite the fact that he is just presented late in the story, and kicks the bucket before he offers a lot of knowledge into his reality or what he has become. Marlows relationship with Kurtz and what he speaks to Marlow is truly at the core of the novel.The book implies that we can't comprehend the dimness that has influenced Kurtzs soul-positively not without understanding what he has experienced in the wilderness. Taking Marlows perspective, we look from the outside what has changed Kurtz so permanently from the European man of advancement to something undeniably all the more alarming. As though to show this, Conrad lets us see Kurtz on his deathbed. In the last snapshots of his life, Kurtz is in a fever. All things being equal, he appears to see something that we can't. Gazing at himself he can just murmur, The loathsomeness! The ghastliness! Goodness, the Style Just as being a remarkable story, Heart of Darkness contains the absolute most incredible utilization of language in English writing. Conrad had a peculiar history: he was conceived in Poland, voyaged however France, turned into a sailor when he was 16, and invested a decent arrangement of energy in South America. These impacts loaned his style a magnificently valid idiom. In any case, in Heart of Darkness, we likewise observe a style that is astoundingly graceful for a composition work. In excess of a novel, the work resembles an all-encompassing representative sonnet, influencing the peruser with the breadths of its thoughts just as the magnificence of its words.

Entrapment and Escape in Annie Proulx’s The Shipping News and Richard Russo’s Empire Falls - Literature Essay Samples

At first glance, the settings of Annie Proulx’s The Shipping News and Richard Russo’s Empire Falls are wildly different. What could Proulx’s bleak Mockingburg and remote Newfoundland possibly have in common with Russo’s decaying Empire Falls and picturesque Martha’s Vineyard? Upon deeper inspection, however, the locations in the novels parallel each other. Portrayed vividly and populated with casts of unforgettable characters, they serve as much more than backdrops for their respective plots. Because the places that flawed protagonists Quoyle and Miles live in are either of entrapment or escape, they are instrumental in shaping the development of these characters. This progression occurs in three stages, beginning with the men trapped within their lives, transitioning to a period of temporary escape on islands, and culminating in more permanent escape and personal fulfillment where they now call home. The novels begin with a palpable sense of confinement. Both men are stuck in ruts in their small towns, feeling as if they are waiting for something but unsure if it will ever appear. In Mockingburg, New York, Quoyle of The Shipping News watches television in his rented trailer and works as a cheap reporter for the local newspaper, periodically getting fired and rehired by his boss. Just north in Empire Falls, Maine, Miles Roby is going on fifteen years as manager of the Empire Grill. He is still standing by for wealthy owner Mrs. Whiting to die so that the business will finally pass to him, â€Å"an event Miles continued to anticipate without, somehow, being able to imagine it† (Russo 23). Not only are the lives of Quoyle and Miles stagnant, but they are also restricted by old loves; or, more accurately, loves in the process of becoming old. Quoyle is angered by his unfaithful wife, Petal Bear, but confused as to why he still has feelings for her. These â€Å"circumstances e nclosed him like the six sides of a metal case† (Proulx 17). Miles’s situation is hardly better, as a divorce is in progress with his wife, Janine, but he does not know if it is what he wants. Finally, the protagonists are trapped by their devotion to their daughters. Quoyle wants to do what is best for young Bunny and Sunshine, both of whom he loves passionately but â€Å"with a kind of fear† that harm will come to them in Mockingburg (Proulx 23). Miles desires the same for his own daughter, Tick. When criticized for raising Tick in Empire Falls, he cannot see a way out: â€Å"Maybe I was wrong to come back, but I’ve got Tick now, and I can’t put her in jeopardy. I won’t† (Russo 118). Like Quoyle, he is aware that his hometown impacts his family; what he does not know is how to improve the situation. Neither of the main characters is where he wants to be in life, but each feels so restricted in his town that change seems impossible. Eventually, there are breaking points in the novels when Quoyle and Miles have to escape, if only temporarily, from this shared sensation of entrapment. Their flights to the islands of Newfoundland and Martha’s Vineyard, respectively, serve the sole purpose of getting away. Quoyle packs up and leaves with his daughters and aunt, Agnis Hamm, after a series of misfortunes: he loses his job again; his parents commit joint suicide; and Petal Bear is killed in a car crash. The abrupt move back to the place his family came from is not his idea but Agnis’, and the overwhelmed Quoyle comments that he merely â€Å"needed something to brace against† (Proulx 31). Similarly, Miles vacations with Tick not completely of his own volition but because his mother used to do the same with him when was he was a kid. His brother, David, astutely observes: â€Å"The sad part is that you don’t love Martha’s Vineyard. It was Mom who loved it . . . You were just a little b oy who tagged along, who got to ride in the little yellow sports car. And you’re still that little boy.† (Russo 224) Miles is behaving as a child would, scampering off to a nostalgic safe haven for two weeks and hoping his problems will resolve themselves in his absence. Due to the naive natures of their decisions, neither Miles nor Quoyle is able to find comfort in his new setting. Quoyle is a foreigner in his new job at the Gammy Bird newspaper and in Newfoundland in general: â€Å"[The paper] gave Quoyle an uneasy feeling, the feeling of standing on a playground watching others play games whose rules he didn’t know. Nothing like the Record. He didn’t know how to write this stuff.† (Proulx 63) It seems he has simply substituted one life’s isolation for another. Miles shares this sensation of disappointment, for he comes back from Martha’s Vineyard not rejuvenated but â€Å"haunted by a profound feeling of personal failure† (Ru sso 102). Like Quoyle, he goes to his island for a change of scene, but that is not enough to grant peace of mind. Time proves to be the only remedy for the protagonists, who must undergo more tests of character before finding the permanent escape and personal fulfillment they seek. Quoyle and Miles eventually learn that the reason makes all the difference; when they start escaping not from something awful but toward something better, something changes. The second time Miles takes Tick to Martha’s Vineyard, he goes to give her a fresh start and chance to recover after the shooting at her school. Going to the island for his daughter’s sake is a vast improvement over going to attempt to relive his own childhood memories. Quoyle, too, manages to let go of his past and instead look forward to the future, acknowledging that â€Å"[h]is part in life seemed richer† upon doing so (Proulx 136). Their shifts in attitude also completely change how the men view themselves. Miles starts seeing himself as a successful parent instead of a failed businessman, remarking that â€Å"seeing Tic k alive and well was enough to confirm his sense that his best destiny in life was as this child’s father† (Russo 468-69). Likewise, Quoyle’s opinion of his physical build changes dramatically. Previously ashamed of his body and the way he towered over everyone else, to the point that he acquired the habit of hiding his chin behind his hand, he now sees his features in a positive light: â€Å"[T]he effect was more of strength than obesity. He guessed he was at some prime physical point. Middle age not too far ahead, but it didn’t frighten him† (Proulx 327). Newfoundland has transformed him. For the first time since going to the islands, Quoyle and Miles find both long lasting relief within their escapes and what has been missing in their lives. For Miles, his restorative time with Tick on Martha’s Vineyard puts the final puzzle piece in place; he realizes he does not need to hide there anymore. He must return to his life in Empire Falls, and he remarks with the same astuteness of David before him that it is â€Å"[b]etter to be a man there . . . than a boy here† (Russo 472). As for Quoyle, it means he effectively wakes up and starts living: â€Å"Quoyle experienced moments in all colors, uttered brilliancies, paid attention to the rich sound of waves counting stones, he laughed and wept, noticed sunsets, heard music in rain, said I do.† (Proulx 336) He, like Miles, has come to terms with himself by the end of the novel and learned to embrace what his hometown previously locked away from him. The healing power of the islands is realized at last when Quoyle and Miles are ready to accept it. Despite one’s first impressions, the The Shipping News and Empire Falls are remarkably similar. Proulx and Russo manage to craft two endearingly flawed protagonists who embark on personal journeys and emerge different men. These transformations would not be possible without the settings of the novels, which act as characters unto themselves and play significant roles in the progression of the plots. Mockingburg and Empire Falls, Quoyle and Miles’ respective hometowns, begin as places of entrapment. They suspend the men in their lives, leaving them conflicted between old loves and their beloved daughters. Then Proulx and Russo provide them with temporary relief in the form of Newfoundland and Martha’s Vineyard, but these retreats prove empty. Finally, after Quoyle and Miles discover their purposes for escape, these same islands offer them the fulfillment they have sought all along.

Renal function test - Free Essay Example

Introduction: Kidney is a part of group of organs that constitute the urinary tract system which consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys do the major function of the urinary system. The other parts of the system are mainly passageways and storage areas. The kidneys are reddish, bean-shaped structure and located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of abdomen. A typical kidney in an adult is 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide and 3 cm thick and has a mass of 135-150 g. Under normal circumstances the two kidneys are able to do the following functions: Regulating of blood PH; the kidneys excrete an amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and conserve bicarbonate (HCO3-). Regulating blood pressure; the kidneys produce rennin, which activate the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways. Maintaining blood osmolarity; by regulating loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys maintain constant blood osmolarity. Regulating blood glucose; the kidneys can use the amino acids glutamine in gluconegenesis. So they can release glucose into blood to help maintain a normal blood glucose level. Production of hormones; calctirriol (active form of vitamin D) which helps regulate calcium homeostasis and erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Excreting waste and foreign substances; by forming urine which contains the waste substances that have no useful functions in the body. The above mentioned kidney functions based on the functional unit of the kidney called nephron. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. The nephron is a tube closed at one end and open at the other and in between it consists of Bowmans capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule. About 170-200 liters of water are filtered through the kidneys everyday, but about 1-2 liters are excreted from the body as urine. To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes: Glomerular filtration: water and most blood solutes in the blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule. Tubular reabsorption: as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of filtered water and many solutes. Tubular secretion: as the fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct, the tubule and duct cells secrete other materials, such as wastes, drugs and excess ions into the fluid. Each kidney connects to bladder by ureter, which is tube like structure that provides drainage from the kidney to the bladder during the process of urine formation. Bladder acts by means of contraction to expel urine from the body. In order for the kidney to work properly the renal arteries deliver about 25% of resting cardiac out put. Glomerular filtration (GF) normally occurs at rate of about 120-150 ml/min. There are significant forces which are involved in glomerular filtration, glomerular capillary blood pressure which induced a blood pressure within the glomerular capillary depending on the heart contraction and on the peripheral resistance provided by efferent arterioles. The other significant force is the plasma colloid osmatic pressure which occurs due to impermeability to protein through the glomerulus. The permeability depends on the molecular size and the electrical charges. The positively charged molecules easily filtered than the negatively charged one because the glomerular endothelium layer carry negative charges that repel the protein particles and not allowing them to be filtered. In Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure, there will be high force to push fluid out of Bowmans capsule into glomerulus. Any changes occur in these forces will lead to change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measurement of the amount of glomerular filtrate (a substance similar to blood plasma but without proteins) formed in the kidneys each minute. It can be assessed by measuring the excretory ability and the substance level in plasma that freely filtered through the glomerulus. Some of the substances will not appear in the glomerular filtrate unless they have reached a certain concentration in blood. Glucose is such a substance that does not appear in the urine until it reaches high concentration in the blood (11.0 mmol/L). Whereas other substances like creatinine excreted without appreciable reabsorption. Creatinine is an endogenous substance, an end product of nitrogen metabolism formed through a series of enzymatic reaction in the liver. The contraction of skeletal muscle involves both creatine and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the presence of creatine kinase enzyme. The creatine formed from phosphocreatine gives the final end product creatinin e which is instantly filtered at glomerulus without any tubular reabsorption. Therefore creatinine can be used to estimate the clearance ability of kidney, but it is not a perfect marker as it is secreted. This involves the measurement of substance concentration in urine and plasma using the following clearance formula: (U/P) * (V/T) = mls/min Renal failure Diseases affecting the kidneys can damage glomerular or tubular function. Failure of renal function may occur rapidly producing the syndrome of acute renal failure which is characterized by rapid loss of renal function with retention of urea, creatinine, hydrogen ions and other metabolic products. However chronic renal failure develops often over many years leading to end-stage of renal failure where patients require either long term dialysis or a successful renal transplant to survive. Diabetes and hypertension are the two commonest causes of chronic renal failure with other causes including glomerulonephritis of any type Aim of the test To estimate renal function in two different patients using creatinine clearance test. Materials and method Please refer to medical biochemistry practical book (BMS2). Result: The equation obtained from the graph used for the calculation of creatinine concentration is: Y = 0.0008 X Where: Y = absorbance X = concentration of creatinine in umol/L. P 1: X = 0.073/0.0008 = 91.25 umol/L P 2: X = 0.346/0.0008 = 432 umol/L U 1: X = 0.621/0.0008 = 776.25 x 21 = 16301.25 umol/L U 2: X = 0.736/0.0008 = 468.75 x 21 = 9843.75 umol/L Key: P1 is plasma of patient 1. P2 is plasma of patient 2. U1 is urine sample of patient 1 U2 is urine sample of patient 2 Therefore the creatinine clearance is calculated by using the following formula: (U/P) * (V/T) mls/min U = urine creatinine umol/L P = plasma creatinine umol/L V = volume of urine passed in given time T = time of collection Creatinine clearance for patient 1: = 16301.25/91.25 * 1000/1440 = 211.438 * 0.694 = 124 mls/min Creatinine clearance for patient 2: = 9843.75/ 432 * 3000/1440 = 22.786 * 2.083 = 47.46 mls/min Conclusion: From the above results I conclude that patient 1 has got normal renal function whereas patient 2 has renal failure. Discussion The creatinine calibration graph shows good linearity which indicates that the patients results obtained are correct. The clearance test more often concern about how much of a specific substance the kidney can remove from a given volume of blood in a stated period. In this experiment the creatinine clearance test was used to estimate GFR in two different patients based on the principle of Jaffe reaction (picric acid with alkaline solution from red to orange complex). A standard curve was produced using the absorbance reading against the standard concentration. A straight linear relationship obtained which means that as the optical density increase the creatinine concentration will increase. The equation obtained from the graph (Y = 0.0008 X) is used to calculate the plasma and urine creatinine concentration of two patients. The plasma creatinine concentration for patient 1 is 91.25 umol/L, which means it is within the normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L).Marshal, (2000). Also the urine creatinine concentration (19293.75umol/L) for the same patient support the plasma concentration in which simply means that creatinine excretion by kidney was regularly. In contrast, patient 2 has got increased plasma creatinine concentration when compared with normal reference range which is 432 umol/L. That means the creatinine being not filtered regularly into urine. There is no history of patient is provided and it is not stated whether the patient is male or female which can aid the diagnosis. However, there is not much difference between male and female normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L). The clinical data are good in detecting the presence of renal disease, by its effect on renal function and is in assessing its progress but they will not assess the determination of the cause of the disease. Therefore several factors should be kept in mind when doing creatinine estimation. These factors are: there will be reduced creatinine concentration in children, women and during pregnancy. Meals which contain meat will raise plasma creatinine, also certain drugs (e.g. salicylates, cimetidine) increase plasma creatinine by inhibiting tubular secretion of creatinine. From the result, it is noticeable that patient 1 has got normal creatinine clearance (124 mls/min) when compared with the reference ranges. This means that this patient got normal GFR and normal renal functioning units. The creatinine clearance for patient 2 is very low (47.4 mls/min) when compared with the normal reference range and with patient 1 who has normal GFR. As mentioned earlier the plasma creatinine was high and the urine creatinine was low for this patient which gives strong suggestion that this patient represent with kidney disorder mostly chronic failure. Although the clinical finding help the diagnosis, but the requirement of further test is needed to identify the cause and to confirm disorder. Renal failure is divided into two types, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. An acute onset is severe enough to cause kidney failure and is characterized by oliguria (less urine). The major cause of acute failure is tubular necrosis. Other common causes are loss of huge amount of blood during accident or surgery, toxic drugs and poising e.g. lead, or infection. Acute renal failure may develop gradually to a chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure occurs when disease or disorder damages the kidneys so that they can no longer remove fluids and wastes from the body or maintain proper levels of kidney-regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. The four most common causes of chronic kidney failure are: Diabetes: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), both insulin dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent (NIDDM), occurs when the body cannot produce and/or use insulin, the hormone which is necessary for the body to process glucose. Long-term diabetes may cause the glomeruli to gradually loss function. In fact, progression may be slow gradual which means the symptoms do not occur until the GFR falls below 15 ml/min. Marshal, (2000). High blood pressure: hypertension is both cause and result of kidney failure. The kidney can become stressed and ultimately sustain permanent damage from blood pushing through them at excessive pressure over long periods of time. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of glomeruli, or filtering units of the kidney. The filter in glomerulus is damaged; often small holes are made mostly due to streptococcal infection. Polycystic kidney disease: it is an inherited disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys. These cysts impair the regular functioning of the kidney. Less common causes of chronic kidney failure are kidney cancer, obstructions such as kidney stones, pyelonephtitis. Initially, symptoms of chronic kidney failure develop slowly. Even individuals with mild to moderate kidney failure may have few symptoms in spite of increased urea in their blood. Among sings and symptoms that may be present at this point are frequent urination during the night and high blood pressure. Most symptoms of chronic kidney failure are not apparent until kidney disease has progressed significantly. Common symptoms are: Anaemia: The kidneys are responsible for production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red cell production. If the kidney disease causes shrinking of the kidney, the red cell production is hampered. Bone and joint problems: The kidneys produce vitamin D, which help in absorption of calcium and keeps bones strong. In patients with kidney failure, bones may become brittle, and in children, normal growth may be stunted. Joint pain may also occur as a result of unchecked phosphate levels in the blood. Foamy or bloody urine: Protein in the urine may cause it to foam significantly. Blood in the urine may indicate bleeding from diseased or obstructed kidneys, bladder, or ureter. Hypertension or high blood pressure: The retention of fluids and sodium causes blood volume to increase, which in turn causes blood pressure to rise. Low back pain: Pain where the kidneys are located, in the small of the back below the ribs. Nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting: Urea in the gastric juices may cause upset stomach and this can lead to malnutrition and weight loss. Questions What protein would not be detected by dip sticks, and how would you detect it? Bence Jones proteins are low molecular weight proteins (light chains of immunoglobulin) and found in urine in patient with Myeloma. They are small enough to move quickly and easily through the kidney into urine. These proteins can be detected by doing protein electrophoresis of concentrated urine What is the clinical finding in the unusual condition orthostatic proteinuria? Orthostatic proteinuria is a benign condition that effect children and young adults. The patients are only exhibiting proteinuria after they have been standing up. Orthostatic proteinuria arises as a result of an increase in the hydrostatic pressure in the renal veins. Protein will not be detectable in an early morning sample when tested using dipstick. The patient is instructed to empty the bladder just before going to bed, and the test for protein is performed on a specimen of urine passed the following morning, immediately after getting up the condition is usually observed in only some of the urine samples passed when up and about (with good prognosis). The prognosis is less good in patients in whom proteinuria is always detected when they are up and about. What are the factors predisposing to renal stone formation? A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen. The factors predisposing to renal stone formation are: Reduction of fluid intake Increased exercise with dehydration Medications that cause hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and excessive intake of calcium supplements Diet can also influence stone formation e.g. oxalate (ice tea and colas) Urinary tract infections Family history of urinary calculi Certain diseases :hyperparathyroidism (causes calcium loss from bone), renal tubular acidosis(causes a deficiency in urinary citrate, a stone inhibitor) Urinary stagnation